反相高效液相色谱法测定烤烟叶片发育过程中的类胡萝卜素类物质

建立了采用反相高效液相色谱测定烤烟叶片中类胡萝卜素的方法。烤烟叶片先用含0.1%丁基羟基甲苯（BHT）的90%丙酮水溶液萃取,然后加入0.1 g醋酸铅,于4 ℃下以10000 r/min离心5 min以去除蛋白质。色谱柱为 C18反相柱(3.9 mm i.d.×150 mm, 5 μm)。流动相:A,甲醇-异丙醇(体积比为1∶1）;B,超纯水。洗脱程序:0~10 min,70%A+30%B;10~17 min,100%A;17~30 min(90%A+10%B)。流速：0.5 mL/min。进样量:10 μL。检测波长:450 nm。该方法简化了样品的前处理过程,4种类胡萝卜素物质的加标回收率为91.77%~97.42%,相对标准偏差为 3.46%~0.98%。用该方法研究了烤烟发育过程中类胡萝卜素含量的变化规律,获得了与文献较为一致的结果。     

茶叶的铅污染问题及铅污染的来源

介绍了我国茶叶中铅污染的大致情况,指出我国茶叶中的铅超标问题是一个不争的事实。土壤母质中铅含量较高本底值,土壤特有的理化性质,汽车运行的影响,有机肥料的影响,土壤微生物的影响,茶叶的加工过程,以及茶树本身的生理特征都可能是导致茶叶中铅含量超标的原因。当前,急需解决的问题是各个地区根据本地的实际情况,摸清茶叶铅污染的来源,并通过切实有效的途径来控制或缓解当地茶叶中铅污染问题。     

超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-串联质谱法用于大白菜叶片中的脂质成分分析

建立了超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-串联质谱(UPLC-TOF-MS/MS)分析大白菜叶片中脂质的种类、结构、脂肪酸组成并检测其相对含量的方法。以Acquity UPLCTMBEH C8色谱柱为固定相,采用飞行时间质谱全扫描-信息关联采集-子离子扫描(TOF-MS scan-IDA-product ion scan)复合模式实现一次进样分析,同时获得脂质的一级和二级质谱信息。在大白菜叶片中共鉴定得到232种脂质,包含104种磷脂、63种糖脂和65种甘油酯。其中,磷脂、糖脂和甘油酯中的主要成分分别为磷脂酰胆碱、单半乳糖二酰甘油和甘油二酯、甘油三酯。结果表明,该方法具有灵敏度高、准确度高和高通量等优点,为植物脂质的代谢研究提供了可靠的分析技术平台,并为进一步的脂质生物学功能研究奠定了基础。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同产地枇杷叶中的3种黄酮类成分

建立了高效液相色谱同时测定枇杷叶中3种黄酮类成分的分析方法。该方法分析了不同产地枇杷叶中芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚的含量差异。枇杷叶粉末用甲醇超声提取后,加盐酸回流,制备样品测试液。采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以0.4%（v/v）磷酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱。分别对7个不同产地的枇杷叶样品中的芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚进行测定。结果表明,芦丁、槲皮素、山柰酚在各自的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（r>0.99）,加标回收率分别为96.33%、95.81%和95.80%,RSD分别为6.48%、0.90%和3.02%。该方法操作简单、分离度好、重复性高。不同产地枇杷叶中3种黄酮类成分的含量存在差异,其中芦丁的差异最大,而山柰酚的含量最稳定且在不同产地样品中均可检出,或可用作枇杷叶药材质量控制的标志成分。     

Energy Storage Materials from Nature through Nanotechnology: A Sustainable Route from Reed Plants to a Silicon Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Silicon is an attractive anode material in energy storage devices, as it has a ten times higher theoretical capacity than its state‐of‐art carbonaceous counterpart. However, the common process to synthesize silicon nanostructured electrodes is complex, costly, and energy‐intensive. Three‐dimensional (3D) porous silicon‐based anode materials have been fabricated from natural reed leaves by calcination and magnesiothermic reduction. This sustainable and highly abundant silica source allows for facile production of 3D porous silicon with very good electrochemical performance. The obtained silicon anode retains the 3D hierarchical architecture of the reed leaf. Impurity leaching and gas release during the fabrication process leads to an interconnected porosity and the reductive treatment to an inside carbon coating. Such anodes show a remarkable Li‐ion storage performance: even after 4000 cycles and at a rate of 10 C, a specific capacity of 420 mA h g^?1 is achieved.     

Study of essential element accumulation in the leaves of a Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens after Cu treatment by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for the quantitative imaging of Cu and other essential elements (such as K, Mg, Mn, P, S and B) in the leaves of a Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens treated with the enriched ⁶⁵Cu isotope tracer (isotope abundance of 89.2%). The leaves (newly formed, fully grown and oldest) were scanned directly with a focused Nd:YAG laser in the laser ablation chamber. The ablated material was transported with argon as carrier gas to a quadrupole-based ICP-MS (ICP-QMS), and the ion intensities of ⁶⁵Cu⁺, ³⁹K⁺, ²⁴Mg⁺, ⁵⁵Mn⁺, ³¹P⁺, ³⁴S⁺ and ¹¹B⁺ were measured by ICP-QMS to study the accumulation of Cu and other elements of interest. Standard reference material NIST SRM 1515 Apple Leaves doped with known concentrations of analytes (from 0.1 to 2000 mg L⁻¹) was measured together with the samples by LA-ICP-MS and was used for the quantification of the analytical data. Notable accumulation of Cu in the newly formed leaves was clearly identified by imaging LA-ICP-MS. The increased isotope ratios of ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu measured by LA-ICP-MS demonstrated the path of Cu uptake and accumulation via the petiole and main veins in the leaves. Cu stress-induced accumulation of K, Mg, Mn, P and S in the newly formed leaves was observed, while B was not significantly affected. In the present study, the concentrations of K, Mg, Mn, P and S were not obviously changed in the fully grown leaves after short-term treatment. Along with the treatment, a visible decrease of K and P was found in the oldest leaves, while other elements were not influenced by Cu stress.     

Robustness of calibration models based on near infrared spectroscopy for the in-line grading of stonefruit for total soluble solids content

The utility of near infrared spectroscopy as a non-invasive technique for the assessment of internal eating quality parameters of stonefruit (peaches, nectarines and plums) was assessed. Calibration model performance for the attributes of total soluble solids (TSS) was encouraging (typical R² > 0.88, RMSECV 0.53-0.88%TSS, SDR_CV 2.9-3.7). Model performance was acceptable using a combined multi-variety peach-nectarine data set, but it was advantageous to maintain a separate multi-variety plum model. Model robustness to temperature was achieved by including into the calibration set samples scanned at a range of temperatures, with less than 5% of total population required to be treated in this way. Similarly, where models incorporated the range of TSS seen in the validation population, prediction performance was good. Model performance was stable over several seasons in terms of R² (typical R² > 0.8), with bias corrected SEP varying in proportion to population S.D. Prediction bias for new populations could be corrected by model updating or direct bias adjustment.     

Thermal Decomposition of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials Based on Principal Component Analysis

Studies on the thermal decomposition of commercial raw plant materials used in medicine were performed. 144 independent samples of plant materials — herbs, leaves,flowers, inflorescences, fruits, roots, rhizomes and barks, collected by Medicinal Plant Works‘Herbapol’, were analyzed. Thermal decomposition was performed using OD-103 Derivatograph. As a result of analysis, it was established, that thermal decomposition of majority of samples proceeds through three stages. The analysis of fruits revealed, that their thermal decomposition proceeds in four stages. In order to obtain a more clear classification of the analyzed plant materials principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. Interpretation of the PCA results allows to state, that samples of raw materials from the same plant species in majority of cases are characterized by similar course of thermal decomposition due to similar chemical composition. In this way the differences in general chemical composition of medicinal plants raw materials can be determined. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spanning trees with many leaves

We show that if G is a simple connected graph with and , then G has a spanning tree with > t leaves, and this is best possible. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 189–197, 2001     

烤烟烟叶和烟梗的热裂解产物的研究

为了加深理解梗丝在卷烟叶组配方中的作用,对比研究了烤烟叶片和烟梗的化学组成以及它们在不同温度下的热裂解产物。一个改进后的热裂解装置被用来模拟卷烟的燃烧行为。采用热裂解仪研究了烤烟叶片和烟梗在大气环境中于300 ℃、600 ℃和900 ℃下的热裂解行为,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对它们的热裂解产物进行分析。结果表明,烤烟烟叶和烟梗的热裂解产物种类随着热裂解温度的增加而增多;在相同热裂解温度条件下,烟叶的热裂解产物种类明显多于烟梗的热裂解产物。