Synthesis and Dispersion Property of Poly(Butyl Acrylate-B-Acryl Amide) by Alkaline Reversed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Emulsion: A Novel Amphiphilic Binder

The hydrophilic property of acrylate copolymer is very important for the dispersion and adhesion ability in many fields such as pigment printing and dyeing of textiles. Poly(butyl acrylate-b-acryl amide) was synthesized by successive reversal atom transfer radical polymerization of butyl acrylate and acryl amide in emulsion. The structure of the copolymer was characterized by infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance. By adding alkaline salt, the molecular weight and its distribution of the block copolymer were controlled. The dispersion ability of acrylic copolymer was improved by acryl amide segment; thus, preparation of a novel amphiphilic binder is expected to be helpful to solve the problems of the current binders.     

Nanocarbon Paste Electrodes

The electrochemical behaviour of carbon paste electrodes prepared using nanocarbon and mineral oil was investigated and the results contrasted with different carbon and carbon pastes electrodes. The composition of carbon paste was studied by performing cyclic voltammetry performed in 0.1 M KCl solution in the presence of 4.0 mM Ru(NH₃)₆Cl₃, a well‐characterized redox system commonly used to test the electrode behaviour. After optimisation of the paste composition, the sensors chosen were tested for the analysis and characterization of three different systems: Ru(NH₃)₆^3+/2+, FcCH₂OH/FcCH₂OH⁺ and acetaminophen. The ability to obtain high quality voltammetry from the nanocarbon electrode was demonstrated and simulation of the voltammetry allowed the extraction of electrode kinetic parameters with high precision.     

Study of the GC–MS determination of the palmitic–stearic acid ratio for the characterisation of drying oil in painting: La Encarnación by Alonso Cano as a case study

The correct identification of drying oils plays an essential role in providing an understanding of the conservation and deterioration of artistic materials in works of art. To this end, this work proposes the use of peak area ratios from fatty acids after ensuring that the linear responses of the detector are tested. A GC-MS method, previously reported in the literature, was revisited to its developed and validated in order to identify and quantify of eight fatty acids that are widely used as markers for drying oils in paintings, namely myristic acid (C_14:0), palmitic acid (C_16:0), stearic acid (C_18:0), oleic acid (C_18:1), linoleic acid (C_18:2), suberic acid (2C₈), azelaic acid, (2C₉) and sebacic acid (2C₁₀). The quaternary ammonium reagent m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TMTFAH) was used for derivatization prior to GC-MS analysis of the oils. MS spectra were obtained for each methyl ester derivative of the fatty acids and the characteristic fragments were identified. The method was validated in terms of calibration functions, detection and quantification limits and reproducibility using the signal recorded in SIR mode, since two of the methyl derivatives were not totally separated in the chromatographic run. The proposed method was successfully applied to identify and characterise the most widely used drying oils (linseed oil, poppy seed oil and walnut oil) in the painting La Encarnación. This 17th century easel painting is located in the main chapel of the cathedral in Granada (Spain) and was painted by the well-known artist of the Spanish Golden Age, Alonso Cano (1601-1667).     

粉末压片-X-射线荧光光谱法分析砂岩型铀矿制样中粘结剂用量的探讨

由于砂岩型铀矿的成矿特性,样品粉末的内聚力小,采用直接压片法有时难以成型,样片表面常见裂纹,上机测量易碎裂。混合压片法适应性强,制样成功率高,但常见的问题是样品经粘结剂稀释会影响元素的检出限及结果的准确性。本文对粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法测定砂岩型铀矿地质样品时,前期制样中添加粘结剂的比例进行了研究。试验按照不同比例在铀矿石标准物质GBW04101、GBW04102中添加粘结剂,在扫描电镜下观察到随着粘结剂用量的增加样片表面的光滑度及致密度都呈上升趋势,在X-射线荧光光谱仪上对主量元素进行测定后发现X射线强度在粘结剂添加量大于0.2 g时明显下降,经与GBW04101、GBW04102标准值进行对比后优选出粘结剂与样品的最佳比例为1：20,在此比例下制成的样片光滑平整,不易碎裂,用粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法进行测定,标准物质测定结果的相对误差为0.56%～6.76 %,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为0.013 %～7.68 %,均达到了《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》DZ/T 0130-2006的要求。本文为粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法分析砂岩型铀矿地质样品提供了可靠的实验参考依据。     

一定条件下硝酸酯炸药与聚氨酯胶的相互作用研究

用气相质谱(GC-MS)、FTIR对在100℃下处理数十小时后的硝酸酯炸药、聚氨酯胶及二者隔离体系和接触体系的气相组分、凝聚相进行了表征。结果表明:两者直接接触后,彼此之间发生的变化主要由硝酸酯炸药发生分解产生的NO2促使聚氨酯胶的降解并加速自身的分解,聚氨酯胶的降解产物又进一步催化硝酸酯炸药的分解;两者间接接触后,各自释出的气氛对彼此的结构没有影响。     

Nitrogen-Rich Oxetanes Based on the Combination of Azides and Tetrazoles

Literature known energetic oxetane derivatives have a nitrogen content of up to 49.98 %. Through the introduction of azide and tetrazole functionalities attached to an oxetane ring, energetic oxetanes with higher nitrogen contents than previously reported in the literature were obtained. The newly synthesized oxetane derivatives were extensively characterized via ¹H NMR, ¹³C{¹H} NMR, ¹⁴N NMR, ¹⁵N NMR, ¹H-¹⁵N HMBC, FT-IR spectroscopy and/or DTA. Their crystal structures were elucidated using X-ray diffraction, their sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined and their energetic properties were calculated using the EXPLO5 code.     

Novel Synthetic Strategy for the Production of Fully Bio-Based Binders Using 2,5-Diformylfuran

In this work, resol based binders were prepared with lignin, resorcinol and the bio-based aldehydic platform chemicals 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). In preliminary studies, the solubility and stability of DFF in aqueous-alkaline conditions was investigated. Various binders were prepared to investigate the influence of the HMF-DFF ratio and the influence of the aldehyde concentration on the molar mass, rheological properties and curing characteristics of the final binders. It is shown that significantly higher molecular weights and viscosities are obtained by using DFF instead of HMF. The properties of the final binder could also be affected by the precise choice of DFF concentration, as this resulted in higher levels of crosslinking. This work offers a novel type of fully bio-based binder that consists of non-toxic components and is therefore less hazardous than some conventional binders.     

Multivariate analysis of combined Raman and fibre‐optic reflectance spectra for the identification of binder materials in simulated medieval paints

The non‐invasive identification of paint materials used in works of art is essential, both for preserving and restoring them, and also for understanding and verifying the history surrounding their creation. As such, the development of suitable non‐invasive techniques has received much interest in recent years. We have investigated the use of Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman spectroscopy and fibre‐optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), together with multivariate principal‐component analysis (PCA) techniques, in order to identify the pigment and binding materials used in made‐up samples representative of real artwork. We demonstrate that both types of spectroscopy provide complementary information which can be used to identify the pigments and binders in paint samples. We show that PCA with FT‐Raman spectra can be used to assist in the identification of oil‐based binders, and that the additional data provided by FORS spectra enables PCA on combined spectra to identify more complex proteinaceious and polysaccharide‐based binding media. The results presented here demonstrate that multivariate analyses of lead‐based paints, using data measured by FT‐Raman and FORS in conjunction, have much potential for identifying individual pigments and binders in paint samples. This provides a path towards computer‐assisted characterisation of paint materials on artwork. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Carbon nanotubes and carbon-coated current collector significantly improve the performance of lithium-ion battery with PEDOT:PSS binder

We report an approach for enhancing performance of PEDOT:PSS binder in Li-ion battery electrodes by introducing small amount of carbon additives. Coating of current collector with carbon increases adhesion and electrical contact to the binder while introduction of carbon nanotubes enhances the electrical contact between the binder particles. The combination of these factors improves rate and cycling capability of the electrode.