七种花旗参茶包的FTIR光谱法无损鉴别

本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）无损快速鉴别了七种花旗参茶包。各种花旗参茶包的红外光谱较特征。根据红外的特征谱图分析，市售的7种花旗参茶包基本上可分为两大类，一类是纯的花旗参药材料末而制成的茶包；另一类是花旗参的提取物和辅料混合后而制成的茶包。红外光谱图还表明各种花旗参茶包所选用的辅料也不尽相同，有的采用葡萄糖，有的则采用蔗糖，辅料所添加的种类与有的商品标定的不符。另外花旗参茶包所添加的辅料较多，花旗参提取物的特征峰较弱，这就表明有的花旗参茶包的质量较差。HPLC的分析结果也证明了采用原药材而制成的花旗参茶包的总皂甙含量高于花旗参的提取物和辅料混合后而制成的茶包，基本上相差了4倍。因此，红外光谱法快速、直观、可靠，适用于中药的鉴定。     

西洋参中无机元素的主成分分析和聚类分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP/MS)法测定了12个西洋参样品中18种无机元素的含量,建立西洋参无机元素指纹谱,并用SPSS主成分分析法对西洋参中的特征元素进行分析;主成分分析选出五个主因子,得出西洋参的特征元素为Fe,Al,V,Mn,Mg,Sr,Mo,Ca,Cu;聚类分析将12个西洋参样品聚成五大类,表明元素的分布特征与西洋参的品种关系显著;主成分分析法和聚类分析法是西洋参无机元素分析的有效方法.     

液-质联用法测定铁皮石斛和西洋参及制剂中多菌灵残留

用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法定量检测铁皮石斛、西洋参药材及其制剂中的多菌灵残留。在酸性条件下以甲醇提取中药材和制剂中的残留多菌灵,分析色谱柱为D iamonsil C18(4.6 mm i.d.×250 mm,5μm),以4%四氢呋喃水溶液-甲醇梯度洗脱,采用选择离子监测模式,以m/z192为检测定量离子。多菌灵出峰时间在27 m in左右,线性范围为0.22~33 ng,相关系数0.9993;方法检出限为0.015 mg/L;定量限为0.022mg/L;平均回收率在95.6%以上。该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,定量范围宽,耐用性强,可作为中药中多菌灵残留的可靠检测方法。     

基于FTIR-SVM的西洋参与籽播参的分类研究

支持向量机(SVM)是根据统计理论提出的一种新的学习算法。文章以40个西洋参样品为实验材料,通过FTIR-SVM建立了西洋参样品与籽播参识别的模型。对学习训练集中的30个样品模型识别率为100%,对10个预测样品的识别准确率为90%。研究结果表明,FTIR-SVM可以用于中药西洋参与籽播参的区别。     

Isolation and Characterization of a Bioactive Polysaccharide from Panax Quinquefolium L.

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A new compound with cytotoxic activities from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

A new compound, 3,6,20（S）-trihydroxy- 12,23-epoxydammar-24-ene,6,20-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, was isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, whose structural elucidation was carried out by means of spectral analysis （including IR, HR- FAB-MS and NMR）. This compound showed the moderate cytotoxic activities against U937 and HeLa cells by using the MTT method.     

人参茎叶中一个新天然产物的结构研究

采用多种色谱方法从人参茎叶中分离得到一个新天然产物-达玛烷型三萜皂苷元dammar 20(22), 24-diene-3β,6α,12β-triol,并利用质谱、核磁共振谱和化学方法对此化合物进行了结构解析. 通过2D NMR（HMQC、HMBC）进行了¹H和¹³C NMR信号全归属,并纠正了文献中的个别化学位移的信号指认错误.     

Panax quinquefolius (North American Ginseng) Polysaccharides as Immunomodulators: Current Research Status and Future Directions

Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng, NAG) is a popular medicinal plant used widely in traditional medicine. NAG products are currently available in various forms such as roots, extracts, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, energy drinks, etc. NAG polysaccharides are recognized as one of the major bioactive ingredients. However, most NAG reviews are focused on ginsenosides with little information on polysaccharides. NAG polysaccharides have demonstrated a therapeutic activity in numerous studies, in which many of the bioactivities involve regulation of the immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize the structural features and the immunomodulatory properties of crude, partially purified, and pure polysaccharides isolated from NAG. Receptors of the innate immune system that potentially bind to NAG polysaccharides and the respective signal transduction pathways initiated by these compounds are discussed. Major challenges, recent innovations, and future directions in NAG polysaccharide research are also summarized.     

Comparison of Phytochemical Profiles of Wild and Cultivated American Ginseng Using Metabolomics by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been recognized as a valuable herb medicine, and ginsenosides are the most important components responsible for the health-beneficial effects. This study investigated the secondary metabolites responsible for the differentiation of wild and cultivated American ginsengs with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomic approach. An in-house ginsenoside library was developed to facilitate data processing and metabolite identification. Data visualization methods, such as heatmaps and volcano plots, were utilized to extract discriminated ion features. The results suggested that the ginsenoside profiles of wild and cultivated ginsengs were significantly different. The octillol (OT)-type ginsenosides were present in greater abundance and diversity in wild American ginsengs; however, a wider distribution of the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and oleanolic acid (OA)-type ginsenosides were found in cultivated American ginseng. Based on the tentative identification and semi-quantification, the amounts of five ginsenosides (i.e., notoginsenoside H, glucoginsenoside Rf, notoginsenoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT2, and ginsenoside Rc) were 2.3–54.5 fold greater in wild ginseng in comparison to those in their cultivated counterparts, and the content of six ginsenosides (chicusetsusaponin IVa, malonylginsenoside Rd, pseudoginsenoside Rc1, malonylfloralginsenoside Rd6, Ginsenoside Rd, and malonylginsenoside Rb1) was 2.6–14.4 fold greater in cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng. The results suggested that the in-house metabolite library can significantly reduce the complexity of the data processing for ginseng samples, and UHPLC-HRMS is effective and robust for identifying characteristic components (marker compounds) for distinguishing wild and cultivated American ginseng.     

An efficient isolation and purification of broad partition coefficient range ginsenosides from roots of Panax quinquefolium L. by linear gradient counter-current chromatography coupled with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

As a famous health food, roots of Panax quinquefolium L. possessed immune regulation and enhancement of the central nervous system, in which ginsenosides are the main active component with different numbers and positions of sugars, causing different chemical polarities with a challenge for the separation and isolation. In this study, a fast and effective bilinear gradient counter-current chromatography was proposed for preparative isolation ginsenosides with a broad partition coefficient range from roots of Panax quinquefolium L. In terms of the established method, the mobile phases comprising n-butanol and ethyl acetate were achieved by adjusting the proportion. Coupled with the preparative HPLC, eleven main ginsenosides were successfully separated, including ginsenoside Rg₁ ( 1 ), Re ( 2 ), acetyl ginsenoside Rg₁ ( 3 ), Rb₁ ( 4 ), Rc ( 5 ), Rg₂ ( 6 ), Rb₃ ( 7 ), quinquefolium R₁ ( 8 ), Rd ( 9 ), gypenoside X VII ( 10 ) and notoginsenoside Fd ( 11 ), with purities exceeding 95% according to the HPLC results. Tandem mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were adopted for recognizing the isolated compound architectures. Our study suggests that linear gradient counter-current chromatography effectively separates the broad partition coefficient range of ginsenosides compounds from the roots of Panax quinquefolium L. In addition, it can apply to active compound isolation from other complicated natural products.