利用高光谱近红外波段的腊肠品质分级研究

高光谱图像作为一种快速无损的分析技术在食品行业中得到广泛应用。腊肠(sausage)是一个非常古老的食物生产和肉食保存技术,中国的腊肠有着悠久的历史。我国商业行业标准SB/T10003-92按腊肠的理化特征,将腊肠分为优级,一级,二级。针对腊肠在近红外(NIR)波段的高光谱信息,采用连续投影算法(SPA)进行特征波段的提取,分别建立了腊肠等级判别模型PLSR(基于全波段的模型)与SPA-MLR(基于特征波段的模型)。其中,基于特征波长的SPA-MLR模型的预测决定系数达到0.929,判别正确率100%。表明采用高光谱图像的近红外波谱信息能够实现腊肠品质的快速、无损分析。     

红外光谱结合化学计量学对不同采收期滇重楼的定性定量分析

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)对不同采收期滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis)分别进行定性鉴别与定量分析,以期为滇重楼合理采收和鉴别评价提供科学依据。采集46份不同采收期滇重楼样品的红外光谱,对光谱数据进行自动基线校正+纵坐标归一化+自动平滑+小波去噪(WD)预处理后进行PLS-DA分析;采用超高效液相色谱测定样品中重楼皂苷Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ的含量,将液相测定数据与红外光谱数据进行拟合,经自动基线校正+纵坐标归一化+自动平滑+一阶求导+正交信号校正(OSC)优化处理后,建立滇重楼中重楼皂苷Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ的快速预测模型。结果显示,(1)原始红外光谱中主要吸收区域在950~700,1 200~950,1 800~1 500和2 800~3 500 cm-1附近。(2)PLS-DA得分图可准确区分不同采收期滇重楼样品。(3)液相数据显示重楼总皂苷含量随着年限的增加先成倍增加,再逐渐减少,最后呈现缓慢增加的趋势。(4)重楼总皂苷含量定量模型的预测值与真实值间无显著性差异,表明模型预测效果好。FTIR结合化学计量学可准确区分不同采收期滇重楼并快速预测其皂苷含量,为不同采收期滇重楼的鉴别和皂苷含量预测提供一种新方法,同时为确定滇重楼的最佳采收期提供参考依据。     

基于高光谱成像技术结合SPA和GA算法测定甜玉米种子电导率

种子活力对于农业发展至关重要,而甜玉米种子普遍存在活力较低且不耐贮藏的问题。因此,及时准确地对甜玉米种子活力进行检测尤为重要。电导率测定法作为一种传统的种子活力检测方法,存在对种子有一定破坏性、耗时较长、重复性不佳等缺点。针这些问题,尝试利用可见-近红外（VIS-NIR）高光谱成像系统结合化学计量学算法建立甜玉米种子电导率快速、无损且精确的检测方法。以高温高湿老化的绿色超人甜玉米种子为试验材料,先通过可见-近红外高光谱成像系统采集种子的高光谱图像和进行电导率测定试验,随后对高光谱图像进行黑白板校正、提取感兴趣区域,获取光谱反射率数据。利用多种预处理方法分别为标准正态变量变换（SNV）、二阶导（SD）、一阶导（FD）、和多元散射校正（MSC）建立甜玉米种子电导率的偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）模型,比较分析并筛选出最适预处理方法。再通过连续投影算法(SPA)及遗传算法（GA）对MSC预处理后的高光谱波段进行筛选提取,基于选出的特征波段建立PLSR模型,并与全波段（Full）PLSR模型进行对比分析,得到与甜玉米种子电导率相关性最高的高光谱波段组合,最终确立一种能够预测甜玉米种子电导率的方法体系。实验结果显示：不同预处理方法（SNV,FD,SD和MSC）建立的PLSR模型性能有所差异,其中MSC-PLSR模型的表现最优秀,其校正决定系数和预测决定系数分别为0.983和0.974,相应的校正均方根误差和预测均方根误差分别为0.165和0.226。进一步分析MSC-Full-PLSR,MSC-SPA-PLSR和MSC-GA-PLSR模型,发现GA能够将全光谱的853个波段压缩至25个有效波段,所建立的MSC-GA-PLSR模型仍表现优秀,其校正决定系数和预测决定系数分别为0.976和0.973,相应的校正均方根误差和预测均方根误差分别为0.194和0.212。实验结果表明：基于可见-近红外（VIS-NIR）高光谱成像系统结合化学计量学算法实现对甜玉米种子电导率的预测存在一定的可行性。该研究为甜玉米种子电导率的快速、无损且精确的检测提供一定的理论支持。     

基于近红外光谱检测猪肉系水力的研究

为了快速无损无污染得测定猪眼肌的系水力,提出了用近红外漫反射光谱检测真空包装猪肉的系水力的新方法.采用常规的滴水损失法和压力法标定猪肉的系水力.利用光谱专用分析软件Unscramb-ler9.6,对采集的光谱进行平滑,二阶微分预处理,用偏最小二乘法(PIS)建立其定量检测模型.该实验的样本总数为106,将样品分为校正集和检验集.用校正集建立定标方程,用检验集检验定标方程的预测精度.常规方法与近红外光谱漫反射法的预测植的相火系数为0.73～0.79,结果明显要好于近红外透射法和反射光谱法.该研究验证了近红外光谱漫反射法对真空包装后鲜猪肉的系水力的无损检测的可行性.     

Finding Y‐relevant part of X by use of PCR and PLSR model reduction methods

The paper is considering the following question: using principal component regression (PCR) or partial least squares regression (PLSR), how much data can be removed from X while retaining the original ability to predict Y ? Two model reduction methods using similarity transformations are discussed, one giving projections of original loadings onto the column space of the fitted response matrix (essentially the orthogonal signal correction (OSC) methods), and one giving projections of original scores onto the column space of the coefficient matrix (essentially the net analyte signal (NAS) methods). The loading projection method gives model residuals that are orthogonal to Y and , which is valuable in certain applications. The score projection method, on the other hand, gives model residuals that are orthogonal to , which is essential in other applications. It is shown that the reduced matrix X from the score projection method is a subset of the reduced matrix X from the loading projection method. It therefore has the smallest Frobenius norm, and thus the smallest total column variance, assuming centered data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NIRS and Aquaphotomics Trace Robusta-to-Arabica Ratio in Liquid Coffee Blends

Coffee is both a vastly consumed beverage and a chemically complex matrix. For a long time, an arduous chemical analysis was necessary to resolve coffee authentication issues. Despite their demonstrated efficacy, such techniques tend to rely on reference methods or resort to elaborate extraction steps. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the aquaphotomics approach, on the other hand, reportedly offer a rapid, reliable, and holistic compositional overview of varying analytes but with little focus on low concentration mixtures of Robusta-to-Arabica coffee. Our study aimed for a comparative assessment of ground coffee adulteration using NIRS and liquid coffee adulteration using the aquaphotomics approach. The aim was to demonstrate the potential of monitoring ground and liquid coffee quality as they are commercially the most available coffee forms. Chemometrics spectra analysis proved capable of distinguishing between the studied samples and efficiently estimating the added Robusta concentrations. An accuracy of 100% was obtained for the varietal discrimination of pure Arabica and Robusta, both in ground and liquid form. Robusta-to-Arabica ratio was predicted with R²CV values of 0.99 and 0.9 in ground and liquid form respectively. Aquagrams results accentuated the peculiarities of the two coffee varieties and their respective blends by designating different water conformations depending on the coffee variety and assigning a particular water absorption spectral pattern (WASP) depending on the blending ratio. Marked spectral features attributed to high hydrogen bonded water characterized Arabica-rich coffee, while those with the higher Robusta content showed an abundance of free water structures. Collectively, the obtained results ascertain the adequacy of NIRS and aquaphotomics as promising alternative tools for the authentication of liquid coffee that can correlate the water-related fingerprint to the Robusta-to-Arabica ratio.     

等效水厚度梯度的玉米叶片氮素反演模型研究

针对玉米生产中叶片氮素快速、无损检测的实际需求,使用叶级高光谱数据(400～2 500 nm),依据等效水厚度梯度划分叶片样本,建立了梯度连续的叶片氮素反演模型,初步探索了含水量因素对叶片反射率特性及反演模型精度的影响。首先获取叶级高光谱数据,再根据等效水厚度数值大小对样本进行排序及滑动划分,建立了子集集合。父集除原光谱数据之外还采用了三大类：(1)基线矫正类、(2)散射校正类和(3)平滑处理类光谱变换方法,而子集未使用任何光谱变换方法。建立全波段的PLSR反演模型,对比模型精度,初步定量评价了等效水厚度因素对建模精度的影响。研究结果表明：(1）四组数据中有三组父集反演精度低于最优子集的反演精度,另外一组持平（2018大田低氮：(父)R2_CV=0.48<(子)R2_CV=0.57, (父)RPD_CV=1.38<(子)RPD_CV=1.52;2018大田高氮：(父)R2_CV=0.48<(子)R2_CV=0.7, (父)RPD_CV=1.39<(子)RPD_CV=1.8;2019大田高氮：(父)R2_CV=0.59<(子)R2_CV=0.68, (父)RPD_CV=1.57<(子)RPD_CV=1.77）;(2）四组数据的最优子集反演精度都达到甚至超过了定性模型水平,而父集只有两组;(3）制作反演数据集时在样本筛选问题上需要考虑等效水厚度因素,以避免过于宽泛的样本选择而导致整体反演精度的损失。综上,等效水厚度因素对玉米叶片氮素建模精度存在显著影响,不可忽视。在考虑该因素后,使用叶级高光谱数据对玉米叶片氮素进行快速无损检测的技术方法会更加可信、可行。     

Comparison of univariate and multivariate calibration for the determination of micronutrients in pellets of plant materials by laser induced breakdown spectrometry

The application of laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) aiming the direct analysis of plant materials is a great challenge that still needs efforts for its development and validation. In this way, a series of experimental approaches has been carried out in order to show that LIBS can be used as an alternative method to wet acid digestions based methods for analysis of agricultural and environmental samples. The large amount of information provided by LIBS spectra for these complex samples increases the difficulties for selecting the most appropriated wavelengths for each analyte. Some applications have suggested that improvements in both accuracy and precision can be achieved by the application of multivariate calibration in LIBS data when compared to the univariate regression developed with line emission intensities. In the present work, the performance of univariate and multivariate calibration, based on partial least squares regression (PLSR), was compared for analysis of pellets of plant materials made from an appropriate mixture of cryogenically ground samples with cellulose as the binding agent. The development of a specific PLSR model for each analyte and the selection of spectral regions containing only lines of the analyte of interest were the best conditions for the analysis. In this particular application, these models showed a similar performance, but PLSR seemed to be more robust due to a lower occurrence of outliers in comparison to the univariate method. Data suggests that efforts dealing with sample presentation and fitness of standards for LIBS analysis must be done in order to fulfill the boundary conditions for matrix independent development and validation.