基于多变量统计分析的冬小麦长势高光谱估算研究

利用高光谱分析技术实现冬小麦长势的准确、无损监测具有重要的实践意义。基于连续两年的氮素运筹试验,通过获取叶面积指数(LAI)、地上干生物量(AGDB)、地上鲜生物量(AGFB)、植株含水量(PWC)、叶绿素密度(CH.D)和氮素积累量(ANC)六个冬小麦长势指标及冬小麦冠层高光谱,引入主成分分析法(PCA)构建可表征冬小麦长势的综合长势指标(CGI),并结合偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)构建CGI的高光谱估测模型。结果表明,除植株含水量外,其他长势指标与所构建的CGI都达到极显著水平,表明利用CGI可以表征各长势指标信息。对比CGI和其他各长势指标的PLSR模型表现可知,CGI光谱监测模型表现最优(R2=0.802,RMSE=1.268,RPD=2.015),也具有较高的预测精度和稳健度(R2=0.672,RMSE=1.732,RPD=1.489)。表明基于PCA方法所构建的CGI可以表征冬小麦长势,利用PLSR方法可以实现对冬小麦长势的准确监测,且监测效果要优于单一的冬小麦长势指标。     

Comparison between different data pre-treatment methods in the analysis of forage samples using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and partial least-squares multivariate calibration method

Moisture and protein content of alfalfa samples from Catalonia (Spain) have been analyzed by near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and multivariate calibration methods. In order to remove systematic variation in experimental data, such as base-line and multiplicative scatter effects, the evaluation of different data pre-processing methods is performed. Different figures of merit are used for quality assessment and comparison of these pre-treatment methods.     

New way to quantify multiple steroidal compounds in wastewater by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The applicability of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the screening of steroidal compounds in wastewater is demonstrated. Advanced software was utilized to identify unknown compounds in complex two-dimensional chromatograms exploiting retention indices and two different mass spectral databases. Response factors calculated as a function of the individual mass spectra of six commercial standards at different concentrations were used to develop a model allowing the quantitation of all steroidal compounds identified in the sample. The model, based on partial least squares regression equations, provided good accuracy (prediction error < 16%) in the quantitation of steroidal compounds, so offering a valuable alternative to conventional quantitation methods where reference compounds are required for the verification of analytical measurements. Special attention was paid to the development of an exhaustive sample preparation method for the separate analysis of conjugated and free steroids in both water phase and suspended solid particles. The method, including the exploitation of chemometrics, was successfully applied to the determination of steroidal compounds in effluent and influent waters collected at a local wastewater treatment plant.     

Control production of polyester resins by NIR spectroscopy

The control of the esterification reaction for production of polyester saturated resins is followed usually by determination of the acid value (AV) and hydroxyl value (OHV).These parameters are determined by titrimetry, but these methods are slow, intensity working and produce waste. In this paper an alternative methodology is proposed, based in the construction of multivariate models on NIR spectroscopic data and different models are constructed in order to apply to different steps of the production process. The ensuing methodology provides models of good predictive ability and constitute an advantageous alternative to existing titrimetric reference methods as regards expeditiousness and environmentally compatible. The multivariate calibration models established were also used with a different instrument; to this end, the spectra recorded with the original equipment were subjected to Piecewise Direct Standardization (PDS) in order to make them equivalent to those provided by the new equipment. Also, PLS calibration was reproduced by using the same samples, spectral treatment, wavenumber range and number of factors as in the original model, and the AV and OHV results thus obtained were similarly good.     

Comparison of theoretical and experimental models for characterizing solvent properties using reversed phase liquid chromatography

Theoretical and experimental quantitative structure–retention relationships (QSRR) models are useful for characterizing solvent properties and column selectivity in reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The chromatographic behavior of a model analyte, the herbicide atrazine, in a system derived from nine organic solvents and three chromatographic columns was used for developing QSRR models. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used as statistical approaches. The similarities and differences between linear solvation energy relationships (LSER), and semi-empirical and theoretical molecular models were demonstrated. QSRR models show high predictive power, and can successfully predict retention factor (log k) for new solvents. The models are useful for solvent optimization and reducing time for method development in RPLC. The herbicide atrazine can be readily analyzed at a low level, and all three columns provided good resolution, high-performance and symmetrical peaks. The method is suitable for analysis of atrazine in water samples.     

红外光谱结合化学计量学对不同采收期滇重楼的定性定量分析

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)对不同采收期滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis)分别进行定性鉴别与定量分析,以期为滇重楼合理采收和鉴别评价提供科学依据。采集46份不同采收期滇重楼样品的红外光谱,对光谱数据进行自动基线校正+纵坐标归一化+自动平滑+小波去噪(WD)预处理后进行PLS-DA分析;采用超高效液相色谱测定样品中重楼皂苷Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ的含量,将液相测定数据与红外光谱数据进行拟合,经自动基线校正+纵坐标归一化+自动平滑+一阶求导+正交信号校正(OSC)优化处理后,建立滇重楼中重楼皂苷Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ的快速预测模型。结果显示,(1)原始红外光谱中主要吸收区域在950~700,1 200~950,1 800~1 500和2 800~3 500 cm-1附近。(2)PLS-DA得分图可准确区分不同采收期滇重楼样品。(3)液相数据显示重楼总皂苷含量随着年限的增加先成倍增加,再逐渐减少,最后呈现缓慢增加的趋势。(4)重楼总皂苷含量定量模型的预测值与真实值间无显著性差异,表明模型预测效果好。FTIR结合化学计量学可准确区分不同采收期滇重楼并快速预测其皂苷含量,为不同采收期滇重楼的鉴别和皂苷含量预测提供一种新方法,同时为确定滇重楼的最佳采收期提供参考依据。     

土壤修复过程中盐含量及其光谱特征分析研究

基于盐渍土修复过程中盐分含量和同步实测光谱数据,通过对原始光谱数据、平滑光谱数据及平滑后的不同变换光谱数据等八种光谱数据集,分别以相关系数的极值和不同相关系数范围两种方法分析其最佳敏感波段范围,深入分析了不同变换下土壤的光谱响应特征。在此基础上,运用偏最小二乘回归方法,以全波段(400～1 650 nm)和分析获得的最佳敏感波段建立了基于修复过程的土壤盐含量和光谱反射率的关系模型。结果表明：针对八种光谱数据集,采用两种方法提取的土壤最佳敏感波段,均集中在947.11～949.31,1 340.27,1 394.11,1 419,1 457.81～1 461.31,1 537.68～1 551.39和1 602.32 nm;且最佳波段的土壤盐含量反演模型,以模型评价参数的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE),以及赤池信息量准则(akaike’s information criterion, AIC)作为选择最佳模型的标准,均以SGSD(Log R)模型的建模和预测结果比其他光谱变换的模型更为显著。基于全波段的PLSR建模效果总体上稍优于最佳波段的模型,其中以SGSD的预测精度最为突出,其模型的决定系数R2与标准差RMSEP分别为0.673和1.256;基于两种方法获得的最佳波段的PLSR模型与全波段对比在模型精度方面虽有一定差距,但从模型的复杂程度比较,具有模型简单、变量更少及运算量小的特点。该研究可在土壤盐含量及其光谱特征的研究中,为实现土壤盐渍化定量、快速、便捷的监测和检测提供参考。     

基于近红外光谱检测猪肉系水力的研究

为了快速无损无污染得测定猪眼肌的系水力,提出了用近红外漫反射光谱检测真空包装猪肉的系水力的新方法.采用常规的滴水损失法和压力法标定猪肉的系水力.利用光谱专用分析软件Unscramb-ler9.6,对采集的光谱进行平滑,二阶微分预处理,用偏最小二乘法(PIS)建立其定量检测模型.该实验的样本总数为106,将样品分为校正集和检验集.用校正集建立定标方程,用检验集检验定标方程的预测精度.常规方法与近红外光谱漫反射法的预测植的相火系数为0.73～0.79,结果明显要好于近红外透射法和反射光谱法.该研究验证了近红外光谱漫反射法对真空包装后鲜猪肉的系水力的无损检测的可行性.     

应用近红外光谱法建立伤疖膏制备过程中黄芩苷含量模型

建立一种伤疖膏制备过程提取液中黄芩苷动态含量快速测定的近红外光谱分析方法,近红外透射光谱法扫描得到65组伤疖膏制备过程中提取液的近红外光谱图,以提取液中黄芩苷的HPLC测量值作为对照值,采用偏最小二乘回归算法(PLSR)建立NIR光谱与对照值的校正模型。校正模型主成分数为8,交叉验证均方根差(RMSECV)为0.006 8,相关系数(r)为0.999 1。应用校正模型对预测集的30组样品进行黄芩苷含量预测,所得预测均方根差(RMSEP)为0.009 2,r为0.998 7。结果表明,该方法快速、准确,为复方膏剂制备过程中化学成分快速定量和质量控制提供了方法和依据。     

污染土壤对脐橙叶片镉含量影响的光谱预测

近年来可见-近红外光谱技术在农业污染监测中应用越来越广泛,但在果树的重金属污染研究中应用较少。本文以纽荷尔脐橙(Citrus sinensis[L.]Osbeck cv. Newhall)为研究对象,采用盆栽方法,通过添加镉（Cd）形成不同污染程度的土壤,然后定期监测叶片中Cd含量及其光谱,分别建立了基于光谱指数的线性回归预测模型,以及基于偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）的Cd含量高光谱预测模型。结果表明：Cd更容易向新叶迁移和聚集,在高Cd污染的土壤中这种现象更加明显;新叶光谱在700～730 nm之间反射率升高,发生红边蓝移现象,老叶光谱没有显著变化;基于光谱指数建立的线性回归模型的R2达到0.8左右,而利用PLSR方法建立的预测模型精度普遍高于线性回归模型,其R2达到0.9左右,并且标准归一化（SNV）的光谱预处理方法可以显著提高PLSR模型的预测精度。研究显示,可见-近红外光谱技术在脐橙重金属污染监测上有很好的潜力。