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121.
The study of scale up for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) has been carried out in a 200 ml stainless steel fixed-bed reactor over a 5wt% Na2WO4-1.9wt% Mn/SiO2 (W-Mn/SiO2) catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions were investigated in detail. The results showed that, with increasing reaction temperature, the gas-phase reaction was enhanced and a significant amount of methane was converted into COx; with the CH4/O2 molar ratio of 5, the highest C2 (ethylene and ethane) yield of 25% was achieved; the presence of steam (as diluent) had a positive effect on the C2 selectivity and yield. Under lower methane gaseous hourly space velocity (GHSV), higher selectivity and yield of C2 were obtained as the result of the decrease of released heat energy. In 100 h reaction time, the C2 selectivity of 66%-61% and C2 yield of 24.2%-25.4% were achieved by a single pass without any significant loss in catalytic performance.  相似文献   
122.
To create a novel vector for specifically delivering anticancer therapy to solid tumors, we used diafiltration to synthesize pH‐sensitive polymeric micelles. The micelles, formed from a tetrablock copolymer [poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(L ‐histidine)‐b‐poly(L ‐lactic acid)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol)] consisted of a hydrophobic poly(L ‐histidine) (polyHis) and poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLA) core and a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) shell, in which we encapsulated the model anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The robust micelles exhibited a critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 2.1–3.5 µg/ml and an average size of 65–80 nm pH 7.4. Importantly, they showed a pH‐dependent micellar destabilization, due to the concurrent ionization of the polyHis and the rigidity of the PLA in the micellar core. In particular, the molecular weight of PLA block affected the ionization of the micellar core. Depending on the molecular weight of the PLA block, the micelles triggering released DOX at pH 6.8 (i.e. cancer acidic pH) or pH 6.4 (i.e. endosomal pH), making this system a useful tool for specifically treating solid cancers or delivering cytoplasmic cargo in vivo. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
123.
Titania–silica composite have been prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights (M w), PEG20000, PEG10000, and PEG2000, as template in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2). The composite precursors were dissolved in SC CO2 and impregnated into PEG templates using SC CO2 as swelling agent and carrier. After removing the template by calcination at suitable temperature, the titania–silica composite were obtained. The composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption–desorption experiment. Photocatalytic activity of the samples has been investigated by photodegradation of methyl orange. Results indicate that there are many Si–O–Ti linkages in the TiO2/SiO2 composite; the PEG template has a significant influence on the structure of TiO2/SiO2. In addition, the TiO2/SiO2 prepared with PEG10000 exhibited high photocatalytic efficiency. So this work supplies a clue to control and obtain the TiO2/SiO2 composite with different photocatalytic reactivity with the aid of suitable PEG template in supercritical CO2.  相似文献   
124.
A review on developments of liquid membranes (LMs) in the field of gas and vapor separation of the last 16 years is presented. Liquid membrane configurations employing supports, i.e. immobilized, supported and contained liquid membranes are focussed and detailed information on the respective materials, i.e. supports (supplier, type, thickness, pore width, porosity, tortuosity), liquids and carriers, are presented together with their specific separation tasks. Performance of different LMs in terms of permeability and selectivity as well as stability (duration of testing, applied differential pressures) are compared and discussed. Finally, different preparation methods of LMs are illustrated.  相似文献   
125.
Polyurethanes were modified using monobenzyloxy polyethylene glycol (BPEG) which possesses a bulky hydrophobic benzyloxy group at one end and a hydroxyl group at the other end as a preconstructed BPEG layer, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and monomethoxyl poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) with various chain lengths as fillers. Our objective was to investigate the effect of PEG graft density and conformation on protein adsorption at PEGlated surface. The graft density was estimated by a chemical titration method. The combination of ATR-FTIR, AFM and titration results provide evidences that the graft density can be increased by backfilling PEG or MPEG to a BPEG layer. However, fibrinogen and albumin adsorption significantly increased on all surfaces after PEG or MPEG backfilling. We conclude that the conformation of hydrophobic benzyloxy end groups of the BPEG layer plays a key role. The benzyloxy end groups of preconstructed PEG chains stretch to the surface after PEG backfilling, which possibly accounts for the observed increase in protein adsorption. The BPEG conformation change after backfilling with PEG or MPEG was also suggested by contact angles. Additionally, protein adsorption was slightly influenced by the length of filler, suggesting a change in surface morphology.  相似文献   
126.
A polyethylene glycol (PEG)/polyethersulfone (PES) composite membrane that can be applied on a commercial (or scale up) plant for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline desulphurization was prepared through pre-wetting combined with double-layer coating methodology. Preparation methodology, morphologies characterization and performance test for the composite membranes were conducted. The results indicated that the pre-wetting method effectively confined the intrusion of PEG solution to porous PES support layer in coating process. The composite membrane had a clear-cut boundary surface between the dense active layer and the porous support layer, which was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pervaporation (PV) experiments indicated that the membrane, with the crosslinking agent amount of 17% and solids content in active layer solution of 16%, had a stable performance for FCC desulphurization. The sulphur enrichment factor came to 3.63, and the total permeation flux was 3.37 kg/m2 h. It was found that the PV performance of the composite membrane changed slightly when the thickness of active layer varied from 4.25 μm to 33.26 μm.  相似文献   
127.
Matching for a wavefunction the WKB expansion at large distances and Taylor expansion at small distances leads to a compact, few-parametric uniform approximation found in Turbiner and Olivares-Pilon (2011). The ten low-lying eigenstates of H2+ of the quantum numbers (n,m,Λ,±)(n,m,Λ,±)  with n=m=0n=m=0 at Λ=0,1,2Λ=0,1,2, with n=1n=1, m=0m=0 and n=0n=0, m=1m=1 at Λ=0Λ=0 of both parities are explored for all interproton distances RR. For all these states this approximation provides the relative accuracy ?10−5?105 (not less than 5 s.d.) locally, for any real coordinate xx in eigenfunctions, when for total energy E(R)E(R) it gives 10-11 s.d. for R∈[0,50]R[0,50]  a.u. Corrections to the approximation are evaluated in the specially-designed, convergent perturbation theory. Separation constants are found with not less than 8 s.d. The oscillator strength for the electric dipole transitions E1E1 is calculated with not less than 6 s.d. A dramatic dip in the E1E1 oscillator strength f1sσg−3pσuf1sσg3pσu at R∼ReqRReq is observed. The magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions are calculated for the first time with not less than 6 s.d. in oscillator strength. For two lowest states (0,0,0,±)(0,0,0,±) (or, equivalently, 1sσg1sσg and 2pσu2pσu states) the potential curves are checked and confirmed in the Lagrange mesh method within 12 s.d. Based on them the Energy Gap between 1sσg1sσg and 2pσu2pσu potential curves is approximated with modified Pade Re−R[Pade(8/7)](R)ReR[Pade(8/7)](R) with not less than 4-5 figures at R∈[0,40]R[0,40] a.u. Sum of potential curves E1sσg+E2pσuE1sσg+E2pσu is approximated by Pade 1/R[Pade(5/8)](R)1/R[Pade(5/8)](R) in R∈[0,40]R[0,40] a.u. with not less than 3-4 figures.  相似文献   
128.
2D in vitro studies have demonstrated that Schwann cells prefer scaffolds with mechanical modulus approximately 10× higher than the modulus preferred by nerves, limiting the ability of many scaffolds to promote both neuron extension and Schwann cell proliferation. Therefore, the goals of this work are to develop and characterize microgel‐based scaffolds that are tuned over the stiffness range relevant to neural tissue engineering and investigate Schwann cell morphology, viability, and proliferation within 3D scaffolds. Using thiol‐ene reaction, microgels with surface thiols are produced and crosslinked into hydrogels using a multiarm vinylsulfone (VS). By varying the concentration of VS, scaffold stiffness ranges from 0.13 to 0.76 kPa. Cell morphology in all groups demonstrates that cells are able to spread and interact with the scaffold through day 5. Although the viability in all groups is high, proliferation of Schwann cells within the scaffold of G* = 0.53 kPa is significantly higher than other groups. This result is ≈5× lower than previously reported optimal stiffnesses on 2D surfaces, demonstrating the need for correlation of 3D cell response to mechanical modulus. As proliferation is the first step in Schwann cell integration into peripheral nerve conduits, these scaffolds demonstrate that the stiffness is a critical parameter to optimizing the regenerative process.

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129.
以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)为成膜聚合物,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,氯化钙(Ca Cl2)、氯化锂(Li Cl)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为添加剂,调制铸膜液,采用干—湿法纺丝技术制备了PMIA中空纤维膜.研究表明,PEG的加入可显著提高PMIA中空纤维膜的纯水通量,而随PEG添加量增加,膜的纯水通量呈现先增加后减小趋势;膜对牛血清蛋白(BSA)有较好的截留性能,截留率可达92%;膜具有良好的亲水性能,膜对纯水接触角可低至44°;膜的断裂强度达5.8 MPa,具有较好的力学性能,以及良好的耐热水和耐碱性能,可用于高温和碱性水处理等领域.  相似文献   
130.
The complex relative dielectric function , loss tangent , complex electric modulus and alternating current electrical conductivity dispersion behaviour of liquid poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PVP–PEG) blends in water, ethyl alcohol and 1,4–dioxane solvent over the entire volume mixture concentration range has been investigated in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz at 25 °C. The PVP–PEG blends show the dielectric dispersion corresponding to the micro-Brownian motion of the PVP chain in the upper frequency region, whereas in the lower frequency region, dielectric dispersion is due to ionic conduction and electrode polarization phenomena. Results show that the conductivity values of these blends in water and dioxane can be monitored with the change in the solvent concentration, whereas it has a small variation with ethyl alcohol concentration. The comparative dielectric dispersion shape study confirms that the chain dynamics of polymers blend is influenced by heterogeneous interactions and solvent polar strength.  相似文献   
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