N- and O-Alkylation of 3-indolylcyclopropylacetic acid derivatives

2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-3-indolyl)cyclopropylacetic acid, its amide and esters, and the corresponding alcohol, viz., the product of ester reduction by LiAlH₄, were synthesized. The chemoselectivity of N- and O-alkylation of these compounds was studied. Selective monoalkylation at the nitrogen atom of the heterocycle, O-alkylation to the side chain, or dialkylation at both nucleophilic sites can be carried out under conditions of phase-transfer catalysis. The N-acylation at the indole fragment of nitrile of this acid occurs only under the Vilsmeier—Haak formylation conditions.     

Study on the Tautomer Interconversion of 3-Oxo Pentanoate During Gas Chromatography

Enol and keto tautomers of methyl 3-oxo pentanoate could be separated on a HP-5 capillary column. The chromatographic peaks were identified by examining characteristic mass ions arose from the corresponding enol and keto molecular ions. The study showed that the area percentage of enol tautomer is a function of temperature of the column. Treating the column as a reactor, the energy of activation for the on-column tautomerization could be extracted (35.1 kJ mol⁻¹) by monitoring the loss of the enol tautomer, because the reaction is found to obey pseudo first-order kinetics. The enthalpy and the entropy changes (ΔH = −3.98 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS = −7.89 J K⁻¹mol⁻¹) for the enol-to-keto reaction in the stationary phase were also obtained.     

Molecular and crystalline structure of the enol form of (dimorpholinophosphoryl)chloroacetaldehyde and (dimorpholinophosphoryl)-dibromomethane

The crystal and molecular structures of the products of the halogenation of the dimorpholide of ethoxyvinylphosphonic acid were determined by the method of x-ray structure analysis. It was established that (dimorpholinophosphoryl)chloroacetaldehyde only exists in the crystals as the Z-enol [(Z)-1-hydroxy-2-(dimorpholinophosphoryl)-2-chloroethene] with intra- and intermolecular H-bonds (=CH...O=P and OH...O=P). The (dimorpholinophosphoryl)dibromomethane forms centrosymmetric eight-membered cyclic dimers in the crystals due to intermolecular CH...O=P H-bonds. The structure of the morpholine and phosphoryl groups in both compounds was discussed.A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan' Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420083 Kazan'. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2730–2737, December, 1992.     

Analysis of NAD(P) and NAD(P)H cofactors by means of imprinted polymers associated with Au surfaces:: A surface plasmon resonance study

Crosslinked films consisting of the acrylamide-acrylamidophenylboronic acid copolymer that are imprinted with recognition sites for β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP⁺, and their reduced forms (NAD(P)H), are assembled on Au-coated glass supports. The binding of the oxidized cofactors NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ or the reduced cofactors NADH or NADPH to the respective imprinted sites results in the swelling of the polymer films through the uptake of water. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is employed to follow the binding of the different cofactors to the respective imprinted sites. The imprinted recognition sites reveal selectivity towards the association of the imprinted cofactors. The method enables the analysis of the NAD(P)⁺ and NAD(P)H cofactors in the concentration range of 1×10⁻⁶ to 1×10⁻³ M. The cofactor-imprinted films associated with the Au-coated glass supports act as active interfaces for the characterization of biocatalyzed transformations that involve the cofactor-dependent enzymes. This is exemplified with the characterization of the biocatalyzed oxidation of lactate to pyruvate in the presence of NAD⁺ and lactate dehydrogenase using the NADH-imprinted polymer film.     

Vertical proton affinities of CH2O and CH2OH+ in their ground singlet,excited triplet and ionized doublet states

Vertical proton affinities were calculated with closed and open shell direct SCF-MO methods for the ground, excited triplet and ionized doublet states of CH₂O and CH₂OH⁺.The computed gas phase basicity of CH₂O follows the order: CH₂O(¹ A ₁) > CH₂O*(³ A ₁ or ³ A ₂) > CH₂O⁺(² B ₂ or ² B ₁).     

Liquid–paper interactions during liquid drop impact and recoil on paper surfaces

The spreading and recoiling of water drops on several flat and macroscopically smooth model surfaces and on sized paper surfaces were studied over a range of drop impaction velocities using a high-speed CCD camera. The water drop spreading and recoiling results on several model hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces were found to be in agreement with observations reported in the literature. The maximum drop spreading diameter for those model surfaces at impact was found to be dependent upon the initial drop kinetic energy and the degree of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the surface. The extent of the maximum drop recoiling was found to be much weaker for hydrophilic substrates than for hydrophobic substrates. Sized papers, however, showed an interesting switch of behaviour in the process of water drop impaction. They behave like a hydrophobic substrate when a water drop impacts on it, but like a hydrophilic substrate when water drop recoils. Although the contact angle between water and hydrophilic or hydrophobic non-porous surfaces changes from advancing to receding as reported in literature, the change of contact angle during water impact on paper surface is unique in that the level of sizing was found to have a smaller than expected influence on the degree of recoil. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to probe fibres on a sized filter paper surface under water. The AFM data showed that water interacted strongly with the fibre even though the paper was heavily sized. Implications of this phenomenon were discussed in the context of inkjet print quality and of the surface conditions of sized papers. Results of this study are very useful in the understanding of inkjet ink droplet impaction on paper surfaces which sets the initial condition for ink penetration into paper after impaction.     

Peculiarities of the effect of the electronic nature of substituents on the basic properties of aliphatic amines

Changes in the hybrid state of atomic orbitals of nitrogen and p-character of LEP, which occur under the effect of saturated hydrocarbon radicals and polar substituents in aliphatic amines, differ substantially. Therefore, the effect of the both substituents on the basicity constants of amines cannot be described by the single formal type of interaction. The anomalous changes in the basicity in the series of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylamines, which are discussed in the literature, and the correlations pK _BH+ = f(*) and G _B = f(*) are, in fact, imaginary, because the alkyl radicals at the N atom do not manifest the electron-donor properties.     

Some thermodynamic aspects of highT c superconductors

Thermochemical and thermodynamical properties of HTSC phases are reviewed for the Y-Ba-Cu-O system and also presented for the newly calculated Bi-Sr-Cu-O system stressing out stoichiometric and phenomenological viewpoints. Simulated data are listed for (H ₂₉₈ ^o -H _o ^o , phase transformation temperatures, standard entropies, standard enthalpies of formation, heat capacities in crystalline phase, etc. Pseudobinary phase diagrams are treated showing the effect of oxygen partial pressure particularly illustrated on the (Sr, Bi, Ba)-Cu-O system.The work was carried out under the project No. A 2010532 supported by the Grant Agency of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and the grant No. 104/97/0589 financed by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic.     

An unequivocal synthesis of some substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines

An unequivocal synthesis of 5-chloro-7-methyl- (8) and 7-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (10) from 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (5) through the corresponding amidine6 and formamide oxime7 was developed. It was unambigously shown by comparison of the chemical shifts and the magnitude of coupling constants that the compounds obtained by condensation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (12) and ethyl acetoacetate (13) and some further transformations are isomeric 5-methyl substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines1,9, and11.

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Eine eindeutige Synthese einiger substituierter 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine

Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein eindeutiger Syntheseweg für 5-Chlor-7-methyl- (8) und 7-Methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin (10) ausgehend von 2-Amino-4-chlor-6-methylpyrimidin (5) über das entsprechende Amidin6 und das Formamidoxim7 entwickelt. Durch Vergleich von chemischen Verschiebungen und Kopplungskonstanten konnte eindeutig gezeigt werden, daß die Verbindungen, die bei der Kondensation von 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol (12) and Ethylacetoacetat (13), sowie einige weitere Transformationsprodukte, isomere 5-Methylsubstituierte 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine sind (1,9,11).

     

Quantum chemistry study on B32 and B32H2–32

The structures of B32 and B₃₂H^2–₃₂ with I_h symmetry have been investigated by means of ab initio calculations at STO-3G level. The relationship between molecular orbitals of them has been analyzed and their bonding properties have been discussed. Then the possibility of their existence, as well as the similarity and difference between B₃₂ (B₃₂H^2–₃₂) and C₆₀ (C₆₀H₆₀) have been inferred.