Determination of halogenated hydrocarbons by flow injection ozone chemiluminescence

A flow injection gas phase chemiluminometer has been constructed for monitoring halogenated compounds which upon UV radiation consume ozone. The ozone concentration is followed by the ethylene-ozone chemiluminescent reaction and by UV absorption. The sensitivity depends on the ability of each compound to consume ozone and the limits of quantification vary from 9.6 and 25 nmol for CFCl₃ and CF₂Cl₂ to 22.5 and 17.2 μmol for CHCl₃ and CH₃CCl₃, respectively.     

Ozone synthesis in charged particle induced noble gas-oxygen and noble gas-oxygen-sulfur hexafluoride discharges

A series of experimental measurements of ozone concentration produced by irradiation of noble gas (He, Ne, and Ar)-O₂ and noble gas-O₂-SF₆ mixtures with energetic (MeV) helium and lithium ions are reported. Continuous irradiations at dose rates of 10¹⁵–10¹⁷ eV cm ^–3 s ^–1 for a few hundred milliseconds were used. The resulting ozone concentration was found to be nonlinear with dose rate for a given irradiation time. This nonlinearity was effectively reduced by an increase in noble gas pressure. Few mole percent addition of SF₆ generally resulted in an increase in the ozone concentration. This increase was highest for lower noble gas pressures and longer irradiation times. Further SF₆ addition, however, caused a reduction in the ozone concentration. Results are explained by considering the relevant reactions responsible for ozone production and loss.     

The intersection seam between the 11A′ and 21A′ states of ozone

The intersection seam between the two lowest ¹A^′ states of ozone has been determined. The potential energy surfaces and the seam are calculated and discussed in perimetric coordinates which exhibit the full three-dimensional symmetry. The seam is shown to form a closed curve which crosses the C _{2 v} -restricted coordinate planes at six points. Three of these correspond to the previously determined intersection, the starting point of the present search. The other three correspond to highly repulsive regions on the potential energy surface where two atoms approach each other to within two-thirds of the O₂ bond length. At the former three points both states have ¹ A ₁ symmetry, but at the latter three points one state has ¹ A ₁ symmetry whereas the other has ¹ B ₂ symmetry. Consequently, there exist three additional branches of the intersection seam between these two states. Each of these branches lies entirely in one C _{2 v} -restricted coordinate plane and connects to the previously discussed C _s -seam at one point. The existence of a further intersection seam is established. A novel method for determining intersection points is described. Received: 10 January 1996 / Accepted: 2 January 1997     

Ozone reduction at Nafion modified Au electrode and the measurement of ozone concentration in highly resistive solutions

The mass transport and charge transfer kinetics of ozone reduction at Nafion coated Au electrodes were studied in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and highly resistive solutions such as distilled water and tap water. The diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of ozone in Nafion coating are 1.78×10-6 cm2·s-1 and 2.75 at 25℃ (based on dry state thickness), respectively. The heterogeneous rate constants and Tafel slopes for ozone reduction at bare Au are 4.1×10-6 cm·s-1, 1.0×10-6 cm·s-1 and 181 mV, 207 mV in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and distilled water respectively and the corresponding values for Nafion coated Au are 5.5×10-6 cm·s-1, 1.1×10-6 cm·s-1 and 182 mV, 168 mV respectively. The Au microelectrode with 3 μm Nafion coating shows good linearity over the range 0-10 mmol/L ozone in distilled water with sensitivity 61 μA·ppm-1 ·cm-2, detection limit 10 ppb and 95% response time below 5 s at 25℃. The temperature coefficient in range of 11-30℃ is 1.3%.     

Ozone treatment for mercury determination in white wines

A method was developed for the generation of mercury vapour by means of cold-vapour flow-injection atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-CV-AAS) from white wine samples after ozonation as sample pre-treatment. Two different reactors designs for sample ozonation were developed and investigated. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were, respectively, 0.5 and 1.7 μg l⁻¹, and the relative standard deviation (n=10) was 2% for a concentration of 50 μg l⁻¹ and 7% for a concentration of 5 μg l⁻¹. The pre-treatment with ozone has allowed to reduce drastically the amount of chemical reagents (e.g. carrier agent and reducing agent) used in the FI-CV-AAS system. The mercury content of wine samples was also determined by FI-CV-AAS after pre-concentration in the presence of HNO₃ and H₂O₂. In general, there was no significant difference among data obtained from both methodologies, but pre-treatment with ozone is much faster.     

在冰表面上硝酸氯和氯化氢反应的机理

On the line of multi-molecule-formed transition state mechanism, reaction of ClONO2 with HCl on ice surface was investigated with model system by theoretical ab initio calculations. In the gas phase, the barrier of reaction of ClONO2 with HCl is 240.2kJ•mol-1at MP2HF/6-31G(d) level. The barriers drop substantially with the involvement of water molecules. The barrier of reaction of ClONO2 with 2H2O•HCl is 4.6kJ•mol-1 at the same theoretical level which suggests that the reaction of ClONO2 with HCl can occur readily on ice surface. The detailed account will be published in near future.     

Development and validation of passive samplers for atmospheric monitoring of SO2, NO2, O3 and H2S in tropical areas

Traditionally the monitoring of atmospheric pollutants is aimed at managing accidents and short-term actions for the protection of human health on local and regional scales. These monitoring networks required continuous measurements with high time resolution, involving costly equipment, operation and maintenance. More recent simulations with mathematical models and scenario-building on regional, continental and global scales, as well as studies of environmental personal exposure are demanding three main types of monitoring design, where need for special resolution surpasses the one of temporal resolution: remote places, where no electric power nor trained human resources are available; validation of dispersion simulation by mathematical modeling on regional to larger scales; indoor measurements where people are acting under noise restriction such as residences, school and hospitals. To meet these demands environmental passive samplers for atmospheric gaseous pollutants have been developed and applied for different situations and environments of Brazil. Passive samplers were developed based on molecular diffusion of gas through a static layer of air with fixed filters impregnated with a specific solution for SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and H₂S and used in the following situations: in remote forest area, urban areas with different characteristics - near the sea, with clean ocean air masses coming in and in areas under direct industrial influence. The passive samplers showed good performance when exposed to different types of areas and during different periods: accuracy of measurements, based on standard deviation, were within the recommended limit by the European Union of ± 25% for this type of device and precision below the maximum of 20% cited in the literature, with variation of 2.0 to 16% in the case of these work. The passive devices were able of measuring concentrations very low as those found in the Amazon region (0.58 ± 0.05 µg m^− 3 SO₂ and 1.10 ± 0.07 µg m^− 3 NO₂) and higher concentrations in industrial areas (20.0 ± 1.3 µg m^− 3 SO₂ e 21.0 ± 1.3 µg m^− 3 NO₂).     

A study on the effects of ozone treatment on the properties of raw and degummed mulberry silk fabrics

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent and is widely used in various applications, which includes bleaching of cotton. Its application on the processing of silk is non-existent. Research studies on degumming and bleaching of silk reveal that almost no work involving ozone has been carried out. Therefore a study was carried out to understand the effects of process parameters namely wet pickup, pH and time in the ozone treatment of raw and degummed mulberry and tassar silk fabrics on their properties. This paper reports on the effects of ozone treatment on the mulberry silk fabrics. The study was extended with a view to compare the ozone treatment with soap degumming and hydrogen peroxide treatment carried out on raw and degummed mulberry silk fabrics, respectively. The treatment results in increase in yellowness index and amino group content and decrease in breaking strength and elongation, weight and flexural rigidity. The results obtained are substantiated with tyrosine content, scanning electron micrographs and infrared spectroscopy of the treated materials. The effect of pH on the treatment is maximum up to pH 4 and then decreases. The treatment is more severe when the wet pickup used is 50% compared to that of 10 and 100%. With respect to treatment time, though the severity increases with time, it is maximum during the first 10 min of the treatment. Soap degumming of raw silk fabric results in lower yellowness index and flexural rigidity and lesser loss in breaking strength and elongation compared to that of ozone treated material. There is not much of difference between ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments of degummed silk fabric except for the lower yellowness index obtained in the latter case.     

Ab Initio Calculations for FO3, FO 3 + , and FO 3 - Complexes Formed by Fluorine with Ozone

Complexes formed by fluorine with ozone, featuring neutral, positive, and negative species, as well as the decomposition reactions of the complexes are investigated with quantum chemical calculations, using the 6-311G* and the 6-311+G* basis sets, with the Moller-Plesset method. The most stable structures of the complexes are identified and the energies of the reactions of the complexes' formation and decomposition are obtained.