Dynamic repositioning strategy in a bike-sharing system; how to prioritize and how to rebalance a bike station

Bike-sharing systems are becoming increasingly popular in large cities. The natural imbalance and the stochasticity of bike’s arrivals and departures lead operators to develop redistribution strategies in order to ensure a sufficiently high quality of service for users. Using a Markov decision process approach, we develop an implementable decision-support tool which may help the operator to decide at any point of time (i) which station should be prioritized, and (ii) which number of bikes should be added or removed at each station. Our objective is to minimize the rate of arrival of unsatisfied users who find their station empty or full. The existence of an optimal inventory level at each station is proven. It may vary over time but does not depend on the capacity of the truck which operates the repositioning. Next, we compute the relative value function of the system, together with the average cost and the optimal state. These results are used to derive a policy for station’s prioritization using a one-step policy improvement method. We evaluate our policy in comparison with the optimal one and with other intuitive ones in an extended version of our model. From our numerical experiments, we show that only a little intervention of the operator can significantly enhance the quality of service, and that the rule of thumb for bike repositioning is to prioritize the closer, the more active, the closer to be full or empty, and the more imbalanced stations if no reversing in the imbalance is anticipated.     

固相浸渍法制备NiO/CeO2催化剂及其在CO氧化反应中的应用

采用固相浸渍法制备了一系列NiO/CeO2催化剂,并通过与常规湿浸渍法比较,考察了制备方法对催化剂和CO氧化反应性能的影响.同时结合X射线衍射(XRD),N2吸附-脱附(BET),透射电镜(TEM),氢气-程序升温还原(H2-TPR),拉曼(Raman)光谱,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构和表面物种分散状态进行了表征.CO氧化活性测试结果表明,当镍负载量相同时,固相浸渍法制备的催化剂相比于湿浸渍法表现出更好的催化性能.TEM、XPS、H2-TPR结果表明,固相浸渍法更有利于加强镍铈间的相互作用和得到高分散的镍物种,从而促进镍物种的还原.Raman结果表明固相浸渍法相比于湿浸渍法能产生更多氧空位,这有利于氧气在催化剂表面的活化,使得CO氧化反应更容易进行.     

激光拉曼光谱研究NiMoP浸渍液活性组分的结构 Ⅱ.不同有机添加剂的影响

采用激光拉曼光谱（LRS）技术对添加有乙二醇和柠檬酸的NiMoP浸渍液和用该浸渍液制备的NiMoP/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了表征,研究了乙二醇和柠檬酸含量对NiMoP浸渍液及浸渍过程中活性相组成、结构的影响。结果表明,乙二醇使NiMoP(0.063)浸渍液中H_{x\[PMo11O39\]⁽7-x)- 或Hx\[PMo9O31\]⁽3-x)-及Hx\[PMo12O40\]⁽3-x)- 杂多阴离子结构转化成Hx\[P2Mo5O23\]⁽6-x)- 结构,而柠檬酸能保持NiMoP(0.063)浸渍液中Hx\[P2Mo5O23\]⁽6-x)-、Hx\[PMo11O39\]⁽7-x)- 或Hx\[PMo9O31\]⁽3-x)-及Hx\[PMo12O40\]⁽3-x)-杂多阴离子结构共存,但导致Hx\[P2Mo5O23\]⁽6-x)-含量降低,Hx\[PMo12O40\]⁽3-x)-含量升高。相对乙二醇而言,柠檬酸有机添加剂能够更有效地阻止浸渍过程中各杂多阴离子结构在载体氧化铝孔道中的分解。}     

制备方法对Ag-Ru/CeO2氨合成催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法（CP）、改性沉淀沉积法（MDP）、浸渍法（IP）制备了Ag-Ru/CeO₂催化剂,并运用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、N₂程序升温脱附（N₂-TPD）等技术对其进行了表征,考察了个同制备方法对Ag-Ru/CeO₂催化剂氨合成性能的影响.结果表明:不同方法制备的催化剂,银助剂对载体的还原性能和氮气的解离吸附性能的影响存在明显的差别,从而影响了催化剂的氨合成活性,其中采用浸渍法制备的催化剂氮气解离吸附最强,载体最易于还原,因此催化剂低温氨合成活性最高,在10 MPa,10000 h^-1,400℃反应条件下,出口氨浓度达到9.4%.     

Preparation of hierarchical mesoporous Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst and its application in MTG reaction

The hierarchical mesoporous Zn/ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was prepared by NaOH treatment and Zn impregnation, and its application in the conversion of methanol to gasoline (MTG) was studied. N2 adsorption-desorption results showed that the mesopores with sizes of 2–20 nm in HZ5/0.3AT was formed by 0.3 M NaOH alkali treatment. The zeolite samples after modification were also characterized by XRF, AAS, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD methods. Zn impregnated catalyst Zn/HZ5/0.3AT exhibited dramatic improvements in catalytic lifetime and liquid hydrocarbons yield. The selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons was also improved after Zn impregnation. It is suggested that the mesopores of Zn/HZ5/0.3AT enhanced the synergetic effect of Zn species and acid sites and the capability to coke tolerance, which were confirmed by the results of catalytic test and TGA analysis, respectively.     

One-step Synthesis of ε-Caprolactam by the Liquid Phase Nitrosation of Cyciohexane over the Catalysts Containing CH3COO-or-COOH

ε-Caprolactam(CL or CPL) is one of the most important intermediates used in polymer industry for the production of several million tons of nylon-6 every year[1].All current commercial processes for the production of caprolactam are based on either benzene or toluene[2].     

负载镍的金属有机骨架化合物在温和条件下的储氢性能

利用传统的浸渍法在一种金属有机骨架化合物MIL-101(Cr3F(H2O)2O[(O2C)-C6H4-(CO2)]3.nH2O,n≈25)上负载金属镍,制备了Ni/MIL-101复合材料.通过采用不同的浸渍手段(过量浸渍,等体积浸渍)和不同的还原方法(液相化学还原,固相加氢还原)制得了不同的Ni/MIL-101样品,并考察了这些样品在温和条件(25~100℃,0.01~4MPa)下的储氢性能.结果表明,Ni/MIL-101样品的储氢性能均比MIL-101的储氢性能有所改善.其中,采用过量浸渍和液相化学还原相结合制备的Ni/MIL-101样品的储氢性能最佳,储氢量可达1.02%.