全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1176篇 |
免费 | 88篇 |
国内免费 | 57篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 923篇 |
力学 | 18篇 |
综合类 | 3篇 |
数学 | 3篇 |
物理学 | 374篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 11篇 |
2022年 | 12篇 |
2021年 | 17篇 |
2020年 | 34篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 28篇 |
2017年 | 29篇 |
2016年 | 50篇 |
2015年 | 31篇 |
2014年 | 39篇 |
2013年 | 55篇 |
2012年 | 57篇 |
2011年 | 44篇 |
2010年 | 41篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 66篇 |
2007年 | 57篇 |
2006年 | 58篇 |
2005年 | 44篇 |
2004年 | 64篇 |
2003年 | 36篇 |
2002年 | 45篇 |
2001年 | 35篇 |
2000年 | 47篇 |
1999年 | 42篇 |
1998年 | 44篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1321条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
The Hydrated Excess Proton in the Zundel Cation H5O2+: The Role of Ultrafast Solvent Fluctuations
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Fabian Dahms Dr. Rene Costard Prof. Dr. Ehud Pines Dr. Benjamin P. Fingerhut Dr. Erik T. J. Nibbering Prof. Dr. Thomas Elsaesser 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2016,55(36):10600-10605
The nature of the excess proton in liquid water has remained elusive after decades of extensive research. In view of ultrafast structural fluctuations of bulk water scrambling the structural motifs of excess protons in water, we selectively probe prototypical protonated water solvates in acetonitrile on the femtosecond time scale. Focusing on the Zundel cation H5O2+ prepared in room‐temperature acetonitrile, we unravel the distinct character of its vibrational absorption continuum and separate it from OH stretching and bending excitations in transient pump‐probe spectra. The infrared absorption continuum originates from a strong ultrafast frequency modulation of the H+ transfer vibration and its combination and overtones. Vibrational lifetimes of H5O2+ are found to be in the sub‐100 fs range, much shorter than those of unprotonated water. Theoretical results support a picture of proton hydration where fluctuating electrical interactions with the solvent and stochastic thermal excitations of low‐frequency modes continuously modify the proton binding site while affecting its motions. 相似文献
992.
Steven Ramsey Crystal Nguyen Romelia Salomon‐Ferrer Ross C. Walker Michael K. Gilson Tom Kurtzman 《Journal of computational chemistry》2016,37(21):2029-2037
The expulsion of water from surfaces upon molecular recognition and nonspecific association makes a major contribution to the free energy changes of these processes. In order to facilitate the characterization of water structure and thermodynamics on surfaces, we have incorporated Grid Inhomogeneous Solvation Theory (GIST) into the CPPTRAJ toolset of AmberTools. GIST is a grid‐based implementation of Inhomogeneous Fluid Solvation Theory, which analyzes the output from molecular dynamics simulations to map out solvation thermodynamic and structural properties on a high‐resolution, three‐dimensional grid. The CPPTRAJ implementation, called GIST‐cpptraj, has a simple, easy‐to‐use command line interface, and is open source and freely distributed. We have also developed a set of open‐source tools, called GISTPP, which facilitate the analysis of GIST output grids. Tutorials for both GIST‐cpptraj and GISTPP can be found at ambermd.org. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
993.
FTIR spectra of lithium perchlorate and lithium thiocyanate in acetonitrile,benzonitrile, and propylene carbonate were recorded in the temperature range from 5to 45°C. New bands due to solvent molecules in the primary solvation shell ofthe lithium ions were detected in the region of the CN stretching mode of thenitriles and of the CO stretching mode of propylene carbonate. The band structureswere studied in detail by deconvolution with band-fitting procedures and meancation solvation numbers were deduced from the band area of the bulk solvent.For the systems acetonitrile—lithium perchlorate, benzonitrile—lithiumperchlorate, and benzonitrile—lithium thiocyanate, solvation numbers of free andbound lithium ions were calculated with the help of the degree of associationobtained from suitable anion vibrations. 相似文献
994.
Y. Kafri D. Biron M.R. Evans D. Mukamel 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2000,16(4):669-676
The coarsening process in a class of driven systems is studied. These systems have previously been shown to exhibit phase
separation and slow coarsening in one dimension. We consider generalizations of this class of models to higher dimensions.
In particular we study a system of three types of particles that diffuse under local conserving dynamics in two dimensions.
Arguments and numerical studies are presented indicating that the coarsening process in any number of dimensions is logarithmically
slow in time. A key feature of this behavior is that the interfaces separating the various growing domains are macroscopically
smooth (well approximated by a Fermi function). This implies that the coarsening mechanism in one dimension is readily extendible
to higher dimensions.
Received 3 April 2000 相似文献
995.
The conformational preferences of oligopeptides of an ϵ-amino acid (2-((1R,3S)-3-(aminomethyl)cyclopentyl)acetic acid, Amc5a) with a cyclopentane substituent in the Cβ−Cγ−Cδ sequence of the backbone were investigated using DFT methods in chloroform and water. The most preferred conformation of Amc5a oligomers (dimer to hexamer) was the H16 helical structure both in chloroform and water. Four residues were found to be sufficient to induce a substantial H16 helix population in solution. The Amc5a hexamer adopted a stable left-handed (M)-2.316 helical conformation with a rise of 4.8 Å per turn. The hexamer of Ampa (an analogue of Amc5a with replacing cyclopentane by pyrrolidine) adopted the right-handed mixed (P)-2.918/16 helical conformation in chloroform and the (M)-2.416 helical conformation in water. Therefore, hexamers of ϵ-amino acid residues exhibited different preferences of helical structures depending on the substituents in peptide backbone and the solvent polarity as well as the chain length. 相似文献
996.
《印度化学会志》2021,98(12):100268
Densities (ρ), ultrasonic velocities (u) and viscosities (ƞ) of Methylammonium perchlorate (CH3NH3ClO4) in binary solvent mixtures of Acetonitrile (AN) and Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) containing 0.0, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.0 mol fraction of DMSO at various temperatures ranging from 298K–328K at atmospheric pressure, have been measured. From the experimental data important parameters, namely, apparent molal volume (VΦ), isentropic compressibility (Ks), limiting apparent molal isentropic compressibility (Kos,ɸ), A and B-viscosity coefficients from Jones-Dole equation, B/Vɸo values and viscous flow related thermodynamic properties have been derived. Interpretation of the obtained thermodynamic parameters was done with regards to solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions and structure breaking and making potential of the solutes in solution. To evaluate the extent of preferential solvation, Kos,ɸ values and B-coefficients for the electrolytes have been further split up into the contribution of individual ion (Kos,ɸ± and B± values) by reference electrolyte method. 相似文献
997.
We use polarization-resolved mid-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy to study the aqueous solvation of proline and N-methylacetamide. These molecules serve as models to study the solvation of proteins. We monitor the orientational dynamics of partly deuterated water molecules (HDO) that are present at a low concentration in the water. We find that the OD vibration of HDO relaxes via an intermediate level, that is characterized by a hydrogen-bond that is stronger than in the ground state. With increasing concentration the lifetime of the excited state increases from 1.8 ps to 2.4 ps and the lifetime of the intermediate level from 0.6 ps to 1.0 ps. Regarding the orientational dynamics we observe biexponential behavior, which finds its origin in the presence of two classes of water molecules. There is a fraction of water molecules that has bulk-like orientational dynamics (τrot = 2.5 ps) and a fraction of immobilized water molecules (τrot > 10 ps). The relative abundance of the two fractions is determined by the nature and concentration of the solute. We find that the hydrophobic solute groups are responsible for the immobilization of water molecules. Every methyl group causes the immobilization of approximately 4 water OH groups. The hydrophilic solute groups, on the other hand, do not hinder the reorientation and the water molecules solvating them reorient with the same rate as in the bulk liquid. 相似文献
998.
Interaction and reorganization contributions to solvation enthalpies of nonelectrolytes in aqueous solutions of amides of carboxylic acids with different degree of N-substitution and N-methylpyrrolidone are calculated. The data are discussed using structurally thermodynamic characteristics of water-amide systems obtained by us previously. It is found that the type of concentration dependence of the solvation enthalpy of nonelectrolytes in all solutions investigated is determined by the type of reorganization component. It is shown that the highest solvation exothermicity of nonelectrolytes in water is due to the lowest value of the reorganization contribution in spite of that nonelectrolytes interact weaker with water than with non aqueous components. 相似文献
999.
The enthalpies of solution of N,N′-dimethylethyleneurea (1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) in water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, and t-butanol (2-methyl-2-propanol) were measured calorimetrically at 298.15 K. For comparison purposes, the previous data on enthalpic effects of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea dissolution (solvation) in the same solvents were analyzed. It has been concluded that the intramolecular cyclization of tetramethylurea, to form dimethylethyleneurea, results in strengthening of the solute solvation and this tendency is more pronounced in a non-aqueous (alcoholic) medium. 相似文献
1000.