常压下玉米秸秆多元醇液化的研究及其产物分析

利用合适的溶剂液化生物质不仅可以把木质纤维资源转化成液体燃料,还可以将得到的低分子降解产物制备成所需的化学品和化工原料。选用价格低廉的多羟基醇类液化剂进行液化,研究了二甘醇(diethylene glycol, DEG)混合1,2-丙二醇(1,2-propanediol, PG)、传统的乙二醇(ethylene glycol, EG)混合PG (均6∶1 ω/ω)分别作为液化剂对玉米秸杆液化得率和所得生物油产品性能的影响。并采用气质联用技术（GC-MS）、傅里叶红外光谱技术（FTIR）、热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）和X-射线衍射技术（XRD）对玉米秸秆、生物油及液化残渣的纤维特性进行了分析。结果表明,当DEG与PG混合液化时,玉米秸秆生物油的得率为98.57%;而EG混合PG时的液化得率为96.08%。GC-MS分析表明,玉米秸秆生物油的主要组成成分为醇类和有机酸类,总含量高达97%以上,而EG混合PG液化所得的生物油中含有有机酸将近60%,这是造成生物油具有酸性和腐蚀性的主要原因,不利于液化反应的进行;利用FTIR检测生物油中一些分子量较大的低聚物的相应官能团,以弥补GC-MS检测的局限性,结果表明了液化体系中生成了很多活泼化学键,提高了反应体系的活性,并且生物油中包含了大量的C-O和C=O官能团,有力地佐证了GC-MS的检测分析结果。对两种液化残渣进行表征,Py-GC/MS结果表明,液化残渣的成分比较复杂,含有一定量非常难降解的大分子物质。这些物质可能是反应后期裂解的小分子重新聚合生成的大分子物质;可能是玉米秸秆本身存在一些不能被液化降解的成分;还有可能是降解的小分子物质与液化剂之间相互反应生成的新的高分子化合物。通过FTIR表明,在液化过程中,液化残渣中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的特征吸收峰都消失了,表明三大组分的基本结构单元都被破坏,三大组分都发生了液化,并且木质素降解程度最大。利用XRD对液化残渣进行表征,液化破坏了碳水化合物所构成的聚合物晶体结构,导致纤维素大分子被裂解,表明纤维素在液化作用下遭到降解,液化程度高。最终,该实验选取液化效果较好的DEG复配PG作为玉米秸秆液化时的溶剂,这也为玉米秸秆液化生产低成本、高品质的生物油提供了一种高效、环保的工艺流程。     

The thermal and thermomechanical behaviors of Spartium junceum flour reinforced polypropylene composites: effects of treatment and flour content

The effects of Spartium junceum (SJ) flour content, treatment time on the thermal and thermomechanical properties of polypropylene/Spartium junceum flour (PP/SJ) composites were studied. In order to improve the interfacial adhesion between the PP matrix and the SJ flour, SJ flour was treated with NaOH (2 wt%) for 8, 24 and 48 h at ambient temperature, respectively, and treated by vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) (5 wt%). The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of SJ flour shows that the treatment improves the thermal stability of SJ flour. DSC analysis measurements illustrates that the addition of SJ flour increase the degree of crystallinity X_c, which indicate that the SJ flour plays a significant role in heterogeneous nucleating of PP matrix. The chemical treatments significantly affect the storage modulus of composite, where E′ increases for composites with treated flour in comparison to the untreated ones.     

纳米技术在物理刺激诱导肿瘤治疗中的应用探索

物理刺激诱导的治疗通常是利用多功能诊疗试剂对外界物理刺激,如光、磁场、超声、射频以及X射线等的响应性进行治疗的策略。近年来,这种新颖的癌症治疗方法在临床前期的动物实验组取得了良好的实验结果,因而该策略也备受关注。与传统的化疗疗法不同,物理刺激响应性的试剂本身通常是无毒性的,只有在特定的物理刺激之下才会在病灶部位产生治疗效果。此外,物理刺激诱导的治疗方法还可以与传统治疗策略结合,通过不同的机制达到协同治疗的目的。在这篇综述中,我们将阐述物理刺激诱导治疗的最新发展动态,并深入讨论纳米诊疗试剂在该治疗策略中的重要作用。     

HDPE-Coconut Flour Composites: Effect of Coupling Agents and Surface Modification

This research work studies the mechanical, thermal and morphological behavior of coconut flour/polyethylene composites, with special emphasis on the influence of the surface modification of coconut flour and the presence of different coupling agents on the interfacial bonding. The different treatments of the composites with an EAA copolymer, with 5 and 18 wt% of NaOH and acetylation, confirm the better tensile behavior of these composites.     

Pseudosterins A–C,Three 1-Ethyl-3-formyl-β-carbolines from Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Their Cardioprotective Effects

Pseudostellaria heterophylla is used in China not only as a functional food but also as an herb to tonify the spleen, enhance immunity, and treat palpitation. Our previous investigation showed that a fraction enriched in glycosides obtained from the roots of P. heterophylla possessed pronounced protective effects on H9c2 cells against CoCl₂-induced hypoxic injury. However, the active compounds responsible for the observed effects were still unknown. In the current investigation, pseudosterins A–C (1–3), three new alkaloids with a 1-ethyl-3-formyl-β-carboline skeleton, together with polydatin, have been isolated from the active fraction. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. The four compounds showed cardioprotective effects against sodium hydrosulfite-induced hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells, with the three alkaloids being more potent. This is also the first report of alkaloids with a β-carboline skeleton isolated from P. heterophylla as cardioprotective agents.     

Statistical Physics Of Opinion Formation: Is it a SPOOF?

We present a short review based on the nonlinear q-voter model about problems and methods raised within statistical physics of opinion formation (SPOOF). We describe relations between models of opinion formation, developed by physicists, and theoretical models of social response, known in social psychology. We draw attention to issues that are interesting for social psychologists and physicists. We show examples of studies directly inspired by social psychology like: “independence vs. anticonformity” or “personality vs. situation”. We summarize the results that have been already obtained and point out what else can be done, also with respect to other models in SPOOF. Finally, we demonstrate several analytical methods useful in SPOOF, such as the concept of effective force and potential, Landau's approach to phase transitions, or mean-field and pair approximations.     

政府委托下应急物资代储系统激励契约设计

政府委托企业代储应急物资是现实中普遍采用的一种应急物资管理策略,代储企业的努力程度对于保障应急物资的可靠供应具有关键性的作用,但由于代储企业与政府之间存在追求目标的差异,以及信息透明化方面受客观条件制约等因素,代储企业可能会因为长期的“太平无事”而产生倦怠,或者为追求经济效益而减少应有的付出,导致总体的努力程度下降,给应急条件下的物资供应带来隐患。鉴于此,论文采用供应链契约激励的理论,建立政企之间的利益博弈模型,分析政府的激励方式和激励数额对应急物资代储企业努力程度的影响,通过数值仿真寻找最优的参数设置,在此基础上,设计符合实际需要的应急物资代储激励契约,制定相应的奖惩规则,从而为政府有效管理应急物资代储企业,提高其努力程度,提升应急条件下应急物资供应保障能力提供了理论支撑。     

Effect of Trader Composition on Stock Market

In this study, we build a double auction market model, which containstwo types of agent traders, i.e., the noise traders and fundamentalists, to investigate the effect of the trader composition on the stock market. It is found that, the non-trivial Hurst exponent and the fat-tailed distribution of transaction prices can be observed at any ratio of the noise traders. Analyses on the price variation properties, including the Hurst exponent and the price variation region, show that these properties are stable when the ratio is moderate. However, the non-price variation properties, including the trading volume and the profitability of the two kinds of agents, do not keep stable untrivially in any interval of the ratio of noise traders.     

具有可控分散性的不同粒径氨基酸双功能化介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒

通过表面活性剂,共结构导向剂（CSDAs）和硅源的自组装合成了具有分散性的不同粒径氨基酸双功能化介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒. 通过表面活性剂头部与带相反电荷的CSDAs之间的静电相互作用使氨基和羧基基团均匀排列在介孔孔道表面. 通过调节助溶剂或分散剂的加入量来控制颗粒粒径,调节合成溶液pH改变纳米颗粒表面羧基和氨基基团的电荷切换性及其量来控制颗粒的分散性.     

分子印迹微凝胶模拟酶的研究

采用油包水反相乳液法, 以马来酸酐酯化葡聚糖-氨基吡啶偶联物(Dex-MA-AP)为功能大单体、过渡态类似物p-硝基苯磷酸酯(NPP)为模板分子、Co2+为中心离子, 制得分子印迹微凝胶模拟酶(MIGs). 用紫外光谱研究了Dex-MA-AP上吡啶功能基团与NPP之间的相互作用. 用SEM观察了MIGs的形貌和大小. 研究发现, MIGs催化活性受模板分子和交联剂用量的影响,MIGs催化p-硝基乙酸苯酯(NPA)水解反应行为可用Michaelis-Menten方程进行描述, 其最大催化水解反应速率(Vm)和Michaelis-Menten常数(Km)分别为25.1 nmol/h和0.030 mmol/L, 且具有较好的催化选择性.