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991.
van Egmond HP 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2004,378(5):1152-1160
Natural toxins in food and feed are considered important food safety issues of growing concern, in particular mycotoxins, phycotoxins and plant toxins. Most scientific developments have occurred in the past few decades in the area of mycotoxins. Formal health risk assessments have been carried out by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Limits and regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed have been established in many countries, including practically all European countries. An array of (formally validated) analytical methods and (certified) reference materials have become available. Several European research projects, funded by the European Commission and supported by the European Standardization Committee, have significantly contributed to this development. Quantitative methods of analysis for mycotoxins often make use of immunoaffinity cleanup with liquid chromatographic or gas chromatographic separation techniques in combination with various types of detectors, including mass spectroscopy. For screening purposes (bio)sensor-based techniques are among the promising newcomers. For the phycotoxins the situation is less advanced. Formal risk assessments by authoritative international bodies have not been carried out. Methods of analysis, formally validated according to internationally harmonized protocols, are scarce and animal testing still plays a key role in official methodology. The development of the analytical methodology is partly hampered by the limited availability of certain reliable calibrants and reference materials, although this situation is gradually improving. New regulations in the European Union have increased the pressure to develop and validate chemical methods of analysis. Joint efforts in the European context are now directed towards significantly improving this situation, and techniques such as liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy offer promise in this respect. Both the working group on biotoxins of the European Standardization Committee and the network of National Reference Laboratories for Marine Biotoxins have taken up responsibilities here. The plant toxins are a category of natural toxins, where the situation is the least developed with respect to regulations, validated methods of analysis and reference materials. Yet, their occurrence in a wide range of consumable plant species demands the attention of the analytical community. 相似文献
992.
Hong Yu Tian Jie Zhang Bao Guo Sun Ming Quan Huang Jian Rong Li Xiao Xiang Han 《中国化学快报》2007,18(9):1049-1052
Isovaleraldehyde possesses malty,fruity,cocoa-like odor and is widely used in fruit,chocolate,coffee flavors.The preparation of natural isovaleraldehyde by the Maillard model reaction was studied in this paper.The effects of the ratio of D-glucose/L-leucine, reaction temperature and pH value on the yield of isovaleraldehyde were explored.The optimum conditions were as follows: n(D-glucose):n(L-leucine)=4,temperature 150℃,reaction time 3 h,pH 5.The highest yield of isovaleraldehyde obtained was about 32%. 相似文献
993.
Coupling NMR to NOM 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Cook RL 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2004,378(6):1484-1503
This work itemizes and critically assesses several 1D and multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, in both the liquid (solvent suppression, APT, DEPT, INEPT, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, ROESY and others) and solid states (DP, SACP, RAMP-CP, CP-TOSS, MQ-DEPT, 2D 1H–13C HETCOR and others), which are relevant to the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM). The pros and cons of many of the discussed techniques are compared in an effort to provide guidance to the most beneficial utilization of these NMR instrumental techniques for researchers interested in gaining insight into various aspects of NOM.Abbreviations 1D
One dimensional
- 2D
Two dimensional
- APT
Attached proton test
- BIRD
Bilinear rotation decoupling
- CP
Cross polarization
- COSY
Correlation spectroscopy
- CSA
Chemical shift anisotropy
- DEPT
Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
- DMSO
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DOSY
Diffusion ordered spectroscopy
- DP
Direct polarization
- DQ
Double quantum
- FID
Free induced decay
- FT
Fourier transform
- FT-ICR-MS
Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectroscopy
- HETCOR
Heteronuclear correlation
- HH
Hartmann–Hahn
- HMBC
Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation
- HMQC
Heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
- HSQC
Heteronuclear single quantum coherence
- INEPT
Insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer
- LR-COSY
Long-range COSY
- MAS
Magic-angle spinning
- MQ
Multiple quantum
- MS
Mass spectroscopy
- NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- NOE
Nuclear Overhauser enhancement
- NOESY
Nuclear Overhauser enhanced spectroscopy
- NOM
Natural organic matter
- PASS
Phase adjustment of spinning sidebands
- RAMP
Ramped amplitude
- RESTORE
Restoration of spectra via T
CH and T one rho (T
1H) editing
- r.f.
Radio frequency
- ROESY
Rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
- SACP
Single amplitude cross polarization
- SOM
Soil organic matter
- SS
Spinning sideband
- TMS
Tetramethylsilane
- TOCSY
Total correlation spectroscopy
- TOSS
Total suppression of sidebands
- TPPM
Two-pulse phase modulation
- VCT
Variable contact time
- VSL
Variable spin lock
- WATERGATE
Water suppression by gradient tailored excitation 相似文献
994.
Ming-Daw Tsai 《中国化学会会志》1997,44(3):183-186
Conventionally, natural product chemistry deals with the isolation, characterization, and synthesis of compounds from plants. It a broad sense, natural product chemistry may include all fields of biochemistry. Two projects are presented to illustrate the expanded definition of natural product chemistry. One deals with phosphatidylinositol (PI) and the key enzyme involved in its metabolism, PI-specific phospholipase C. The other project is on the structure-function relationship of human tumor suppressor p16. 相似文献
995.
Summary A sample preparation method has been developed for the determination of chlorinated phenols in water. The method is based on a supported liquid membrane extraction system connected on-line to liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The supported liquid membrane technique utilizes a porous PTFE membrane. The membrane is impregnated with an organic solvent which forms a barrier between two aqueous phases and enables selective extraction. The technique can easily be coupled in a flow system. In this investigation five chlorinated phenols (1–5 chlorine atoms) were extracted from natural water samples. Extraction for 30 minutes resulted in detection limits of approximately 25 ng L–1. 相似文献
996.
M. Letizia Ciavatta M. Pilar Lopez Gresa Margherita Gavagnin Guido Cimino 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(41):7745-7748
Two new compounds, pregnanes 1 and 2, the known pregnane 3 and a series of known chlorinated prostanoids (4-9) have been isolated from the Indian octocoral Carijoa sp. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 1D and 2D NMR. The new compounds were potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. 相似文献
997.
Na~+,K~+‖Cl~-,B_4O_7~(-2)-H_2O四元体系25℃时相平衡研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Na~+,K~+‖Cl~-,B_4O_7~(-2)-H_2O四元体系25℃时相平衡研究阎树旺,唐明林,邓天龙(成都理工学院液态矿产综合利用研究室成都,610059)关键词四硼酸钠,四硼酸钾,相平衡,卤水近年来,在四川盆地成都凹陷平落坝地区发现了富硼、钾、低?.. 相似文献
998.
K. Mosbach 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1969,8(4):240-250
Lichens are composed of algae and fungi living together in symbiotic association and forming characteristic, often polycyclic lichen substances that are rarely encountered in other organisms. While the cultures of the unassociated individual constituents of the lichens can live for an unlimited time some doubt surrounds their viability in nature; their biosynthetic powers are not additive in the lichens. The results concerning the biosynthesis of the lichens that are discussed in the present article were obtained mainly with 14C-labeled compounds. 相似文献
999.
Hüseyin Çavdar 《Tetrahedron》2005,61(9):2401-2405
4,7-Dihydroindole undergoes regioselective alkylation at the 2-position of the indole nucleus through conjugate addition with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The oxidation of the Michael adducts affords the corresponding 2-substituted indole derivatives which were characterized by spectroscopic methods. 相似文献
1000.
A method is described for the determination of C10-C20 hydrocarbons in natural gas. Enrichment by solid phase extraction on ODS followed by liquid desorption was found to give better results than adsorption on Tenax or charcoal followed by liquid or thermal desorption. 相似文献