Chain Extension and Foaming of Recycled PET in Extrusion Equipment

In this work industrial scraps of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were used for the production of foamed sheets. The process was performed by making use of a chemical blowing agent (CBA) in the extrusion process. Due to the low intrinsic viscosity of the recycled PET (IV=0.48dl/g), a chain extender was also used in order to increase the molecular weight of the polymer matrix. Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and Hydrocerol CT 534 were chosen as chain extender and CBA, respectively. The reactive extrusion and foaming were performed in a two step process, analyzing the feasibility regarding an eventual use in an industrial context. Rheological characterization was carried out on PET samples previously treated with PMDA, as well as the morphological study was performed to define the cellular structure of the foams produced. Moreover, in order to correlate the working conditions in the reactive and the foaming processes with the final morphology of the foams, a mathematical modelling of the foaming process was applied.     

多孔酚醛树脂热解碳材料的制备与结构

用苯酚和甲醛在氨水催化下合成了可溶性酚醛树脂, 经掺杂不同质量比发泡剂(氯化锌)后在惰性气氛下进行热裂解(500～900 ℃), 制备了多孔热解碳导电材料(PPAS); 用FTIR, XRD, TG, SEM, BET等方法对所制备材料进行了结构表征, 详细讨论了发泡剂的加入对热解碳导电材料结构和性能的影响. 研究发现: 酚醛树脂经掺杂一定量发泡剂后再进行热裂解, 一方面加快了酚醛树脂分子间的脱水速度, 降低了热裂解温度范围; 另一方面, 裂解产物内部结构的微晶尺寸和层间距发生了明显变化, 未掺杂发泡剂的裂解产物呈现尖锐棱角的无定形结构, 而掺杂发泡剂的裂解产物则为多孔的球形和椭球形结构; 表面吸附实验测试结果表明, 当酚醛树脂与发泡剂的质量比为1∶3, 升温速率为30 ℃/h, 热裂解温度为600 ℃时, 热裂解产物的比表面积可达2150 m2•g－1, 平均孔径在11 Å左右.     

全氟辛酸、全氟辛基磺酸乙醇胺盐表面活性剂的性质研究

通过测试表面张力、泡沫性质与粘度性质,研究全氟辛酸乙醇铵/二乙醇铵/三乙醇铵和全氟辛基磺酸乙醇铵/二乙醇铵/三乙醇铵的性质。实验表明,反离子对全氟辛酸盐和全氟辛基磺酸盐表现出相同规律的影响,这种影响体现在反离子的疏水性和空间体积两个方面,分别导致了cmc顺序:乙醇铵二乙醇铵三乙醇铵,以及与之相反的γcmc顺序:乙醇铵二乙醇铵三乙醇铵。粘度大小顺序为:乙醇铵二乙醇铵三乙醇铵,有机反离子的粘度要大于无机反离子。这与分子量、氢键大小的关系是一致的。总体来说发泡能力:乙醇铵二乙醇铵三乙醇铵,这和γcmc的顺序相符。有机反离子的发泡能力要高于无机反离子。另外,对于同种反离子,全氟辛基磺酸盐的胶束化能力、粘度和发泡能力均明显高于全氟辛酸盐,但是全氟辛基磺酸盐的γcmc要略高于全氟辛酸盐。通过量子化学计算表明分子结构中磺酸根头基的负电荷要小于羧酸根,这样表面活性剂全氟辛基磺酸根的头基与反离子的结合能力要弱于全氟辛酸根,从而导致了溶液表面吸附层中全氟辛酸盐在反离子的协同作用下排列更为紧密。     

无机粉体对微发泡聚丙烯复合材料力学行为的影响

通过改性的不同形状（针状MgSO4晶须、片状云母粉、球形状SiO2）无机粉体材料,以5％含量加入到聚丙烯中,在二次开模条件下制备微发泡PP复合材料;测定PP／无机粉体材料复合体系接触角,联合粘接理论计算液-固界面的黏附功;以异相成核理论和填充增强机理为基础,分析了不同形状的无机粉体材料对微发泡PP材料力学行为的影响规律...     

Enhancement of a hyperbranched charring and foaming agent on flame retardancy of polyamide 6

A hyperbranched polyamine was prepared using an A₂ + B₃ approach. It acted as a hyperbranched charring and foaming agent (HCFA) in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form a new intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system for polyamide 6 (PA6). Effect of HCFA on flame retardant and thermal degradation properties of IFR‐PA6 was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning, cone calorimeter, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. The IFR system presented the most effective flame retardancy in PA6 when the weight ratio of APP to HCFA was 2:1. The LOI value of IFR‐PA6 could reach 36.5 with V‐0 rating when the IFR loading was 30 wt%. Even if the loading decreased to 25 wt%, IFR‐PA6 could still maintain V‐0 rating with an LOI value of 31. TGA curves indicated that APP would interact with both PA6 and HCFA in PA6/APP/HCFA composite under heating. The interaction between APP and HCFA improved the char formation ability of IFR system and then much more char was formed for PA6/APP/HCFA composite than for PA6/APP. Therefore, better flame retardancy was achieved. Moreover, the structure and morphology of char residue were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that compact and foaming char layer containing P‐O‐C structure was formed for PA6/APP/HCFA system during combustion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrasonic-assisted Dunlop method for natural rubber latex foam production: Effects of irradiation time on morphology and physico-mechanical properties of the foam

An ultrasonic-assisted technique was first introduced for the production of natural rubber latex foam (NRLF). The flexible elastomeric foam was formed by a liquid–solid state transformation in an aqueous media. The aim of the current research was to provide a novel strategy for fabricating NRLF using ultrasonication and the Dunlop method, as well as to simultaneously utilize irradiation events to achieve the desired foam properties. NRLFs were exposed to ultrasonication at 25 kHz at the beginning of the gelling process. The effects of irradiation times of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 min on the morphology, foaming behaviors, physical properties and mechanical performance of NRLFs were investigated. The results revealed that using ultrasonic irradiation, unfoamed regions and a bimodal structure, which seem to be microstructural defects in conventional NRLF, could be completely eliminated. However, excessive irradiation times of 5 min and longer appeared to affect the physico-mechanical properties of the foams in terms of transient cavitation and the unfavorable physicochemical effects of ultrasonic vibrations. As a result, the optimal ultrasonic irradiation time was found to be 3 min. Using this irradiation duration, a foam with the suitable microcellular structure achieved the most desirable properties, such as its expansion ratio (7-fold increase), foam porosity (85.7%), compression recoverability (98.7%), and tensile strength (307.3 kPa). Moreover, the foam still maintained its characteristic soft nature (hardness less than 100 N) with an indentation hardness of 71.9 N. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment introduced to the conventional Dunlop method is a potentially feasible technique since it improves the morphology and the physico-mechanical properties of NRLFs.     

羧甲基丝素的制备工艺优化及其乳化性能

以废丝为主要原料,将不溶于水的丝素蛋白通过与一氯乙酸在乙醇溶剂中的醚化反应,合成了可溶性的羧甲基丝素。讨论了几种主要因素(如碱化时间、碱化温度、醚化时间和醚化温度等)对产物醚化度的影响,得到了制备羧甲基丝素的醚化工艺条件:碱化时间90 min、醚化时间90 min、碱化温度25℃、醚化温度70℃。所得羧甲基丝素的醚化度为0.7425。测定羧甲基丝素的表面活性后,得到羧甲基丝素的临界胶束浓度为1.25 g/L,亲水亲油平衡(HLB)值为10。丝素蛋白溶液具有一定的起泡能力,且在质量分数为1.0%～1.2%范围内的稳定性较好,但不宜作发泡剂。丝素蛋白溶液具有良好的乳化能力和乳化稳定性,可作为良好的乳化剂。     

微波发泡制备三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫塑料及其性能

用三聚氰胺、甲醛和DJ-1型增韧剂在碱性条件下制备了改性三聚氰胺甲醛树脂,将其与表面活性剂、发泡剂、固化剂充分混合搅拌,采用微波发泡炉在一定的功率下进行发泡制备三聚氰胺泡沫塑料.研究了增韧剂的用量、微波功率和发泡时间对泡沫结构和性能的影响.并用光学显微镜、TGA、驻波管对三聚氰胺泡沫塑料的泡孔结构、热学性能和声学性能进行了测试和分析.研究表明:当发泡液质量为50 g时,最佳发泡功率为2 kW,最佳发泡时间为60 s;DJ-1型增韧剂的加入使泡沫的韧性提高,当其质量分数为10％时,泡沫的拉伸强度达到0.112 MPa;泡沫的分解温度约400℃,此时的质量残留率接近60％;泡沫在中高频(≥1 000 Hz)区域的吸声系数高达0.9以上.     

Foaming Properties of CO2-Triggered Surfactants for Switchable Foam Control

Switchable surfactants, particularly those triggered by CO₂ used for switchable foam control, are relatively less documented. In this article, the foaming performance of 2-alkyl-1-hydroxyethylimidazolinium bicarbonate cationic surfactants (HEAIBs) was investigated for the first time. The foaming properties of these surfactants demonstrate that HEAIBs can generate foam with moderate stability, on demand, can be rapidly yet reversibly dissipated upon exposure to air. The results illustrated such a facile trigger, and the foam on/off transition would have huge potential to form a new class of stimuli-response foaming agents.