Physics of transparent conductors

Transparent conductors (TCs) are materials, which are characterized by high transmission of light and simultaneously very high electrical DC conductivity. These materials play a crucial role, and made possible numerous applications in the fields of electro-optics, plasmonics, biosensing, medicine, and “green energy”. Modern applications, for example in the field of touchscreen and flexible displays, require that TCs are also mechanically strong and flexible. TC can be broadly classified into two categories: uniform and non-uniform TC. The uniform TC can be viewed as conventional metals (or electron plasmas) with plasma frequency located in the infrared frequency range (e.g. transparent conducting oxides), or ultra-thin metals with large plasma frequency (e.g. graphen). The physics of the nonuniform TC is much more complex, and could involve transmission enhancement due to refraction (including plasmonic), and exotic effects of electron transport, including percolation and fractal effects. This review ties the TC performance to the underlying physical phenomena. We begin with the theoretical basis for studying the various phenomena encountered in TC. Next, we consider the uniform TC, and discuss first the conventional conducting oxides (such as indium tin oxide), reviewing advantages and limitations of these classic uniform electron plasmas. Next, we discuss the potential of single- and multiple-layer graphene as uniform TC. In the part of the paper dealing with non-uniform metallic films, we begin with the review of random metallic networks. The transparency of these networks could be enhanced beyond the classical shading limit by the plasmonic refractive effects. The electrical conduction strongly depends on the network type, and we review first networks made of individual metallic nanowires, where conductivity depends on the inter-wire contact, and the percolation effects. Next, we review the uniform metallic film networks, which are free of the percolation effects and contact problems. In applications that require high-quality electric contact of a TC to an active substrate (such as LED or solar cells), the network performance can be optimized by employing a quasi-fractal structure of the network. We also consider the periodic metallic networks, where active plasmonic refraction leads to the phenomenon of the extraordinary optical transmission. We review the relevant literature on this topic, and demonstrate networks, which take advantage of this strategy (the bio-inspired leaf venation (LV) network, hybrid networks, etc.). Finally, we review “smart” TCs, with an added functionality, such as light interference, metamaterial effects, built-in semiconductors, and their junctions.     

飞秒脉冲振幅和相位的无干涉条纹重构法测量

对作者所提出的无干涉条纹直接电场重构测量飞秒脉冲的振幅和相位的新方法作出进一步理论分析，并通过实验测量说明该方法的优越性.该方法克服了传统的SPIDER方法的弊病，能得到一组无干涉条纹的图像，排除传统方法必须使用傅里叶变换滤波消除干涉条纹而引进的系统误差，使得该方法能够采用较简便设备且能较准确测量飞秒脉冲强度轮廓和相位.最后给出同一条件下新方法和传统SPIDER方法分别重构的脉冲强度自相关曲线与实验测量结果的比较，以说明新方法的有效性和优越性.     

Coherence and wavefront characterization of Si‐111 monochromators using double‐grating interferometry

A study of the coherence and wavefront properties of a pseudo‐channel‐cut monochromator in comparison with a double‐crystal monochromator is presented. Using a double‐grating interferometer designed for the hard X‐ray regime, the complex coherence factor was measured and the wavefront distortions at the sample position were analyzed. A transverse coherence length was found in the vertical direction that was a factor of two larger for the channel‐cut monochromator owing to its higher mechanical stability. The wavefront distortions after different optical elements in the beam, such as monochromators and mirrors, were also quantified. This work is particularly relevant for coherent diffraction imaging experiments with synchrotron sources.     

Development and application of chip calorimeter as an X-ray detector

Radiotherapy for cancer patients requires accurate measurement of the absorbed dose of radiation in a treatment planning step. Various types of radiation detectors are currently utilized for dose measurement. Among them, calorimeters are known to be the most precise detector for measuring absorbed dose, but their on-site application is limited by the large size of the equipment. We developed a miniaturized chip calorimeter for application as a radiation detector. The calorimetric radiation detector was built using micro/nano fabrication techniques, and consists of an SU-8 photoresist absorber and high-sensitivity vanadium oxide (VO_x) thermistors. The thermistors had a temperature resolution of 135 μK, and the calorimeter showed a thermal conductance of 11 μW/K. The detector was irradiated with various X-ray dose rates from a linear accelerator, and the absorbed dose to SU-8 was measured. The detector responses showed high linearity with dose rates, demonstrating the feasibility of the radiation detector for practical uses.     

四-(二甲氨基苯基)卟啉及其金属配合物的合成及光谱性能研究

以丙酸、乙酸、硝基苯为溶剂一步法合成了四-(二甲氨基苯基)卟啉(T(DMAP)P),并采用氯仿-N,N二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂合成了其与Zn2+,Mn2+,Tb3+三种离子的配合物,考察了溶剂种类、温度、时间对反应的影响,探讨了卟啉与金属盐反应两者用量的最佳比例,在较温和条件下合成了卟啉金属配合物,避免了高温合成金属卟啉不稳定现象。利用元素分析,IR,UV-Vis等方法确定了目标化合物的组成和结构。考察了不同浓度及温度下卟啉配合物的电导率并计算了其摩尔电导率。实验结果发现,卟啉与铽离子配合物摩尔电导率远大于锌、锰配合物。实验研究了不同金属离子对反应的影响,重点考察了卟啉及其金属配合物的分子光谱性能的差异。与四苯基卟啉相比,T(DMAP)P及其金属配合物UV-Vis光谱均发生红移,探讨了该现象产生的原因。     

Temperature dependent magnetic spin and orbital moments of mass-filtered cobalt clusters on Au(111)

Mass-filtered cobalt clusters with a size of 8 nm have been deposited in-situ under soft-landing conditions onto Au(111). The spin and orbital moments of the Co nanoparticles on a Au (111) single crystal have been investigated as a function of the temperature using the element-specific method of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism in photoabsorption. The results hint at an temperature-dependent spin-reorientation transition which is discussed with respect to different contribution to the magnetic anisotropy. Furthermore, by means of an in-situ oxidation experiment, the influence of an exposure to oxygen on the properties of the cobalt clusters has been investigated.     

用于生物单分子操纵的磁镊技术

镊是近年发展起来的一种用于生命科学研究领域的微操纵技术.简要介绍了所搭建的磁镊装置及利用2.8μm直径的磁珠进行的操纵实验;利用一种搜索算法分析所记录的磁珠运动视频,得出磁珠的运动轨迹和运动速度,并与理论分析相验证.研究结果表明该磁镊装置具有一定的实用性.     

Generation of a four-qubit cluster state for atoms in a thermal cavity

We propose two schemes for generating a four-atom cluster state in a thermal cavity. With the assistant of a strong classical field the photon-number-dependent parts in the effective Hamiltonian are canceled. Thus the schemes are insensitive to the thermal field. The schemes can also be used to generate the cluster state for the trapped ions in thermal motion.