TrainMiC®: a programme for life-long learning in metrology in chemistry

This article gives an overview of the programme TrainMiC^®, a European programme for Life-Long Learning in metrology in chemistry. It explains its raison d’être and puts it into perspective to other European and EU member states initiatives. The TrainMiC^® system (http://www.trainmic.org) is described in detail. It is explained how it has developed into a truly unique system which is operational across many parts of Europe (19 countries) via national teams. These teams use shareware pedagogic tools. The learning content has been harmonised at the European level by a joint effort of many experts across Europe working via an Editorial Board. The material has been translated in ten different languages. Possible future evolution of this Life Long Learning programme is discussed.     

跨平台同屏显示技术在化学教学中的应用

用MirrorOp推屏软件或"推送宝"等设备,可以实现将手机或平板电脑显示屏向投影屏幕的实时推送。这种跨平台同屏显示技术,可以解决化学教学中的某些现实问题,由此带来的教师课堂自由度的改善,有利于缓解多媒体教学中的"互动性缺乏"问题。     

Computational approach to structural identification of phospholipids using raw mass spectra from nanoflow liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry

A qualitative analysis tool (LiPilot) for identifying phospholipids (PLs), including lysophospholipids (LPLs), from biological mixtures is introduced. The developed algorithm utilizes raw data obtained from nanoflow liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry experiments of lipid mixture samples including retention time and m/z values of precursor and fragment ions from data‐dependent, collision‐induced dissociation. Library files based on typical fragmentation patterns of PLs generated with an LTQ‐Velos ion trap mass spectrometer are used to identify PL or LPL species by comparing experimental fragment ions with typical fragment ions in the library file. Identification is aided by calculating a confidence score developed in our laboratory to maximize identification efficiency. Analysis includes the influence of total ion intensities of matched and unmatched fragment ions, the difference in m/z values between observed and theoretical fragment ions, and a weighting factor used to differentiate regioisomers through data filtration. The present study focused on targeted identification of particular PL classes. The identification software was evaluated using a mixture of 24 PL and LPL standards. The software was further tested with a human urinary PL mixture sample, with 93 PLs and 22 LPLs identified. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MESURA 2000: a strategy to integrate a true communication network of metrology experts with process technology experts

 The Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM) has developed the MESURA Interinstitutional Network in collaboration with other research and development institutes in Mexico. This network has the aim of providing integral metrological services to industry throughout the country, with uniform standards of quality and consistency. The fulfillment of this aim has been possible because of a number of factors that have made the MESURA Program an attractor for the integration of metrological services. Among these factors are: an unswerving focus on the customer needs, an integral and logical problem solving approach to consultancy, adequate modular classification of the consultants functions, clear-cut definition of the functions of each member of interdisciplinary groups, and a uniform code of communication among the members of the network. The next stage of the strategy is to strengthen the link between metrology and its industrial applications forming a new type of consultant with the technical experts from R&D Centers. These will be consultants with general knowledge and experience in metrology, specialized in certain type of industrial processes and products. The strategy will be initiated in the year 2000 and with it the MESURA Network is expected to make a strong contribution to fostering the optimum use of metrology in industry and to act as a channel for the integration of other technologies in which the participating Centers have expertise.     

Force and pressure distribution under vibratory tillage tool

Experiments were conducted to study the force requirement and pressure distribution under vibratory tillage tools in a soil bin with a sandy loam soil. The tool was oscillated sinusoidally in the direction of soil bin travel. An octagonal ring transducer and pressure sensors were used to measure the forces and soil pressure on the blade. The tool was operated at oscillating frequency of 4.5–15.6 Hz and amplitude of 11–26 mm. The soil bin travel speed was varied from 0.05 to 0.224 m/s. The test results obtained showed both the horizontal force and the vertical force decreased with increase in oscillating frequency. The normal pressure on the blade surface varied considerably. The peak normal pressure was found to increase with increase in oscillating frequency, oscillating amplitude and soil bin travel speed. The change in average normal pressure with change in oscillating frequency and amplitude was also investigated.     

一种以8098单片机为CPU的线切割机床控制系统

通过与ＭＣＳ－５１相比，简述了８０９８单片机的优点，给出了一种８０９８为ＣＰＵ的线切割机床控制系统硬件电路，详细讨论了软件设计的具体编程，提供了主程序流程图。     

概念图--物理教学的有效工具

文章首先介绍了一般概念图的六个组成成分：概念、分支、水平层次、同一分支下概念间的连接线和连接语、不同分支下概念间的连接线和连接语、例子；在此基础上，总结了制作物理知识概念图的具体策略；而后从四个方面论述了概念图的教学功能：概念图作为先行组织者；概念图作为学生复习时整理知识的工具；概念图作为识别学生对知识的错误理解、知识欠缺和错误概念的工具；概念图作为评价学生知识理解的工具．     

化学概念理解水平的确定与测查研究——以酸碱反应概念理解测查工具的开发为例

为测量学生酸碱反应概念的理解水平,并诊断学生的相异构想,基于RASCH模型开发了酸碱反应概念理解的测查工具。使用该测查工具对752名高中生进行测试,分析显示测试结果有一定的信度和效度。研究还表明,中学生对酸碱反应概念的理解水平随年级升高而提高,但在不同的理解水平上学生均存在较多的相异构想。     

通用复习练习多媒体课件写作工具的开发与应用

叙述了通用复习练习多媒体课件写作工具（ＣＡＩＸ１．０）的模块结构及其相互关系、功能与应用。ＣＡＩＸ１．０的导航器和编辑器使用户很容易地生成、编辑和组织多媒体复习练习课件。ＣＡＩＸ课件可提高复习练习效率和效果,又可加强对学生学习的监控、评估和指导作用。可免费下载使用（ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｃｈｅｍｓｏｆｔ．ｙｅａｈ．ｎｅｔ）。     

A view of uncertainty at the bench analytical level

 The problem with which analytical laboratories are confronted, after traceability of their results has been demonstrated, is correctly estimating their uncertainty– to which traceability is also to some extent subject. While the general principles for calculating the uncertainty of physical measurements are applicable to chemical metrology, some refinements are needed, especially careful selection and planning the level at which uncertainty will be estimated by each laboratory in accordance with its capacity and required demands. Depending on the particular decision to be made, the mechanism to be used to estimate the uncertainty varies markedly; also, the rigour of the estimation increases with increasing stringency of the demands. This paper describes the primary sources of uncertainty in chemical metrology and discusses different approaches to its estimation in relation to the type of analytical laboratory concerned. The view presented tries to be close to the bench analytical level, in order to be practical and flexible for laboratories, although it could sometimes be considered slightly heterodox. Received: 25 March 1997 · Accepted: 20 September 1997