Comparison of reactivity of alkane hydroxylation with intact cells and cell- free extracts ofMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Kinetic studies for hydroxylation of a series of alkanes (methane, ethane and propane) with intact cells and cell-free extracts ofMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b were carried out.K _m values for alkane hydroxylation with cell-free extracts were lower than those with intact cells, suggesting that cytoplasm plays an important role in the solubility of alkanes to increase their concentration.     

Aromatic hydroxylation catalyzed by toluene 4-monooxygenase in organic solvent/aqueous buffer mixtures

Toluene 4-monooxygenase is a four-protein component diiron enzyme complex. The enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of toluene to give p-cresol with ∼96% regioselectivity. The performance of the enzyme in two-phase reaction systems consisting of toluene, hexane, or perfluorohexane and an aqueous buffer was tested. In each of the cosolvent systems, containing up to 93% (v/v) of solvent, the enzyme was active and exhibited regioselectivity indistinguishable from the aqueous reaction. Using the perfluorohexane/buffer system, a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were oxidized that were not readily oxidized in aqueous buffer. An instability of the hydroxylase component and a substantial uncoupling of NADH utilization and product formation were observed in reactions that were continued for longer than ∼3 min. More stable enzyme complexes will be needed for broad applicability of this hydroxylating system in nonaqueous media.     

Performance of a Herriott cell, designed for variable temperatures between 296 and 20 K

We designed, fabricated and tested a multipath Herriott cell (or off-axis spherical mirror interferometer) to achieve low temperature absorption measurements. The cell is fabricated entirely from copper, and the 15 cm radius of curvature copper mirrors have gold coated reflective surfaces. The cell was tested at temperatures between 296 and 20 K with a folded absorption path length of 5.37 m utilizing a lead salt tunable diode laser. Short term temperature stability (1 h) of the Herriott cell is better than 0.005 K under normal operating conditions with a temperature uniformity better than 0.01 K (not measurable). The cell was tested by performing collisional cooling experiments on ¹³C¹⁶O₂ in helium at temperatures between 70 and 20 K and by performing more traditional pressure broadening and shift measurements on molecular infrared absorption lines at temperatures between 300 and about 80 K on ¹³C¹⁶O₂ and methane.     

Temperature dependence of rotational relaxation of methane in the 2ν3 vibrational state by self- and nitrogen-collisions and comparison with line broadening measurements

Depopulation rates of rotational levels in the v₃ = 2 vibrational state of ¹²CH₄ are investigated by a pump-probe technique. Methane molecules are excited into selected rotational levels by tuning the pump laser to 2ν₃ lines. The time evolution in population of the excited level after the pumping pulse is monitored by tuning the probe laser to a (3ν₃ ← 2ν₃) line corresponding to a transition with the excited rotational level as the lower level. Measurements were performed from room temperature down to 100 K in pure CH₄ and in CH₄-N₂ mixtures. The rotational relaxation rate coefficients are given for the J = 1, A₂, J = 1, E, J = 1, F₂ and J = 0, F₂ levels. The results are compared with the available data on line broadening coefficients. The temperature dependence of the data on N₂-broadening is particularly well reproduced by the power law deduced from the results on rotational relaxation.     

Measurement of the temperature dependence of line mixing and pressure broadening parameters between 296 and 90 K in the ν3 band of CH4 and their influence on atmospheric methane retrievals

We measured the temperature dependence of the nitrogen broadening, narrowing and line-mixing coefficients of four lines of the P9 manifold in the ν₃ band of ¹²CH₄ for atmospheric purposes. The data were collected using our tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer with active wavenumber control coupled to a newly developed cold Herriott cell with a path length of 5.37 m and a temperature uniformity of better than 0.01 K along the cell. We recorded and analyzed spectra recorded at sample temperatures between 90 K and room temperature. We have investigated the influence of our new results in the inversion model used to retrieve methane profiles from atmospheric spectra; our new results make it possible to retrieve significantly more precise methane profiles. The atmospheric spectra we utilized were obtained by several of us with a balloon-born Fourier Transform infrared experiment in a limb configuration. Differences up to 7% on the retrieved volume mixing ratio were found compared to an inversion model using only HITRAN04 spectroscopic parameters.     

Methane diode laser overtone spectroscopy at 840 nm

Overtone absorption lines of ¹²CH₄ have been examined by using a tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer in the region around (840 nm) where the combination overtone band ν₁+3ν₃ lies. The spectrometer sources are commercially available heterostructure GaAlAs TDLs operating in the “free-running” mode, which allowed the detection of the line positions within . The wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and the second harmonic detection technique permitted the measurements of minimum absorbances of the order of ?5×10^-6. This allowed to observe the weakest lines of the band with absorption cross-sections of the order of ?2×10^-25 cm²/molecule or /amagat. For some of them self-, air-, He- and H₂-broadening coefficients have been obtained at room temperature.     

氧化铈形貌对Pd纳米粒子分散的影响

氧化铈由于在氧化和还原气氛下具有快速Ce4+/Ce3+氧化还原循环作用,使其具有优异的储放氧能力,不仅可以分散和稳定金属粒子,还可在界面处与金属物种发生化学键合,并形成活性位点,因此已被广泛应用于多个催化反应体系,且表现出显著的形貌效应.通过对氧化铈形貌进行调控,使其暴露特定(111)、(110)和(100)晶面,已成为调节金属-氧化铈相互作用强度及金属物种电子、几何结构,提高催化性能的有效策略,但对其机制及活性位结构还没有清晰的认识.我们以氧化铈纳米粒子和纳米立方体为载体,其中氧化铈立方体平均尺寸为23 nm,主要暴露6个{100}晶面,边缘和截角暴露少量{110}及{111}晶面;球形氧化铈纳米粒子平均尺寸为11 nm,主要暴露{111}晶面;并进一步将2.0 wt％Pd物种分散在氧化铈立方体和球形纳米粒子上,通过扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等研究了钯物种在氧化铈球形粒子和立方体上的原子结构和化学环境,进而分析了纳米结构氧化铈形貌对钯物种分散的影响.在球形氧化铈纳米粒子上主要形成了平均尺寸为2.0 nm的非晶态Pd纳米粒子以及极小的Pd物种,这主要是因为球形氧化铈纳米粒子上丰富的表面氧空位可通过Pd-CeO2强相互作用和Pd物种紧密键合.氧化铈立方体上的晶态Pd粒子尺寸为2.9 nm,金属与载体之间具有明显的界面,且Pd原子嵌入到氧化铈晶格中.同时,CO化学吸附测试也证明了氧化铈球形粒子上的钯分散度(70％)高于氧化铈立方体(52％).对于甲烷燃烧反应,主要涉及发生在金属粒子表面的PdO/Pd氧化还原循环,即Pd被O2氧化,PdO被CH4还原,富氧条件下决速步骤是PdO对CH4中C?H的活化,因此氧化铈立方体表面大尺寸的晶态Pd粒子被氧化后更容易被CH4还原,有利于PdO/Pd氧化还原循环,从而具有更高的活性和稳定性;然而在CO氧化反应中Pd/CeO2却呈现了相反的形貌效应,这是由于该反应遵循Mars-van Krevelen机理:CO吸附在金属Pd上,化学吸附的CO移动到钯-氧化铈界面,被氧化铈晶格氧氧化成CO2,产生的氧空位被表面氧补充,最后表面氧空位被气相氧补充;由于氧化铈球形粒子上的较小尺寸Pd具有更大的钯-氧化铈界面周长和更强的氧物种移动性,更易完成界面处的氧化还原循环,因此具有更高的CO氧化活性.     

DFT study of the reactivity of methane and dioxygen with d-L2M complexes

A density functional theory analysis of the reactions of methane and O₂ with d¹⁰-L₂M complexes (M = Pd, Pt; L = N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), PMe₃) is presented. Computations suggest that reaction of L₂M⁰ with O₂/CH₄ to form cis- (L)₂M(OOH)(CH₃) is only slightly uphill (ΔG ∼ 10-11 kcal/mol). Based on calculated thermodynamics, reaction of (L)₂Pt⁰ with CH₄ and O₂ is predicted to be more favorable by first addition of CH₄ and then reaction of O₂ with the resulting methyl-hydrido complex. However, oxidative addition for either the C-H bond of methane or of O₂ to d¹⁰-L₂M complexes is kinetically prohibitive. If barriers to oxidative addition to d¹⁰-L₂M systems could be reduced, conversion of L₂M(H)(CH₃) to L₂M(OOH)(CH₃) via hydrogen atom abstract/radical rebound is calculated to be thermodynamically and kinetically feasible, particularly for NHC and Pd. As (NHC)₂Pd also has a lower free energy to methane C-H oxidative addition than does (NHC)₂Pt, the former combination would appear to be a promising starting point in the search for catalysts for partial hydrocarbon oxidation.     

二氧化碳/甲烷/氮气二元混合物在有序介孔碳材料CMK-3 中的吸附和分离

采用分子模拟与吸附理论研究了天然气成分在有序介孔碳材料CMK-3上的吸附和分离.巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)模拟表明,CH4和CO2气体的较优存储条件分别为208 K、4 MPa和298 K、6 MPa,其最大超额吸附量分别为10.07和14.85 mmol· g-1.基于双位Langmuir-Freundlich (DSLF)模型,使用理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)预测了不同二元混合物在CMK-3中的分离行为,发现吸附选择性Sco2/CH4与ScH4/N2比较接近,在298 K和4 MPa下约等于3,而N2-CO2体系中的CO2吸附选择性较高,可达到7.5,说明CMK-3是一种适合吸附和分离天然气组分的碳材料.     

氯盐溶液中甲烷水合物高压分解条件及影响因素

向水合物储层注入盐类溶液是水合物常规开采技术之一,所以必须掌握储层压力条件下盐类溶液中水合物分解条件及其影响因素.本文研究了NaCl、MgCl2、CaCl2氯盐溶液中甲烷水合物分解条件,结果表明NaCl(2.0、1.0、0.5 mol·L-1)、MgCl2 (1.0、0.5 mol·L-1)和CaCl2 (1.0、0.5 mol·L-1)溶液中甲烷水合物的分解温度比纯水中分别降低了(4.8、2.4、1.0 K (NaCl))、(5.3、1.5 K (MgCl2))和(4.3、1.8 K (CaCl2)).以van der Waals 和Platteeuw 热力学模型为基础,结合电解质溶液中水的活度方程(Pitzer-Mayorga 方程),给出了氯盐溶液中水合物分解条件热力学模型,进而比较了模型计算值与实验值,结果显示两者非常吻合.分析表明,氯盐溶液中离子静电作用产生的水分子溶剂化效应和盐析效应降低了水的活度而导致水合物分解温度降低.