Correlation study of structural,electrical and mechanical properties of quenched tin–zinc–cadmium solder alloys

It is important, for electronic application, to decrease the melting point of SnZn₉ solder alloy because it is too high as compared with the most popular eutectic Pb–Sn solder alloy. Adding Cd causes structural changes such as phase transformations, dissolution of atoms and formation of Cd crystals in the quenched SnZn₉ alloy, and its physical properties are affected by this change. For example, the melting point is decreased towards the melting point of the Pb–Sn eutectic alloy, or even much less. The structure, electrical and mechanical properties of quenched Sn_{91? x} Zn₉Cd _x (x?=?0 or x?≥?5) alloys have been investigated. Adding Cd to a quenched SnZn₉ alloy increases its electrical resistivity and decreases its elastic modulus and internal friction. The Sn₇₁Zn₉Cd₂₀ alloy has the lowest melting point (162 °C) and electrical and internal frictions as compared with commercial Pb–Sn solder alloys.     

Phase Diagram of a Two-Species Lattice Model with a Linear Instability

We discuss the properties of a one-dimensional lattice model of a driven system with two species of particles in which the mobility of one species depends on the density of the other. This model was introduced by Lahiri and Ramaswamy ( Phys . Rev. Lett ., 79 , 1150 (1997)) in the context of sedimenting colloidal crystals, and its continuum version was shown to exhibit an instability arising from linear gradient couplings. In this paper we review recent progress in understanding the full phase diagram of the model. There are three phases. In the first, the steady state can be determined exactly along a representative locus using the condition of detailed balance. The system shows phase separation of an exceptionally robust sort, termed strong phase separation, which survives at all temperatures. The second phase arises in the threshold case where the first species evolves independently of the second, but the fluctuations of the first influence the evolution of the second, as in the passive scalar problem. The second species then shows phase separation of a delicate sort, in which long-range order coexists with fluctuations which do not damp down in the large-size limit. This fluctuation-dominated phase ordering is associated with power law decays in cluster size distributions and a breakdown of the Porod law. The third phase is one with a uniform overall density, and along a representative locus the steady state is shown to have product measure form. Density fluctuations are transported by two kinematic waves, each involving both species and coupled at the nonlinear level. Their dissipation properties are governed by the symmetries of these couplings, which depend on the overall densities. In the most interesting case, the dissipation of the two modes is characterized by different critical exponents, despite the nonlinear coupling.     

Freezing of Classical Fluids in a Quenched Random Potential

The phase diagram of a hard-sphere fluid in the presence of a random pinning potential is studied analytically and numerically. In the analytic work, replicas are introduced for averaging over the quenched disorder, and the hypernetted chain approximation is used to calculate density correlations in the replicated liquid. The freezing transition of the liquid into a nearly crystalline state is studied using a density-functional approach, and the liquid to glass transition is studied using a phenomenological replica symmetry breaking approach. In the numerical work, local minima of a discretized version of the Ramakrishnan-Yussouff free-energy functional are located and the phase diagram in the density-disorder plane is obtained from an analysis of the relative stability of these minima. Both approaches lead to similar results for the phase diagram. The first-order liquid to crystalline solid transition is found to change to a continuous liquid to glass transition as the strength of the disorder is increased above a threshold value.     

Structure and Freezing of a Disordered Flux Line System

Recent progress in the understanding of the phase behaviour of disordered type-II superconductors is discussed in the context of three studies. The first describes a physically appealing picture of correlations in the "vortex glass" or "pinned liquid" phase in BSCCO; calculations based on this picture agree well with experimental data from muon-spin-rotation experiments. The second details a new proposal for the phase behaviour of disordered low-T c materials. In the third, a universal phase diagram for all disordered type-II superconductors is proposed. The attributes of this phase diagram are discussed briefly and the experimental, theoretical and simulational evidence in its favour summarized.     

Frequency and temperature amplitude dependence of complex heat capacity in the melting region of polymers

Amplitude and frequency dependence of reversible melting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and an ethylene octene copolymer (EOM) were studied using temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) (2?10^?1 Hz <f < 0.05 Hz) and shear spectroscopy (dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA) (5?10^?4 Hz < f < 100 Hz). It was found that the excess heat capacity of PCL is constant for temperature amplitudes in the range 5 mK < A_T < 2 K. The excess heat capacity decreases with frequency of temperature perturbation and tends to zero at about 0.1 Hz and 100 Hz for PCL and EOM, respectively. The constant excess heat capacity and the frequency dependence support the idea that reversible melting is related to a relaxation process on the surface of the polymer crystals. The occurrence of such a relaxation process was shown by shear modulus measurements in the same frequency and temperature region. The relaxation process is, in the melting region, much slower than main relaxation (glass transition). At low temperatures, a crossover can be seen, indicating the independence of both processes because of spatial separation. The main relaxation is related to the melt, while the other is related to the crystal surface.     

The melting line of the WCA lennard-jones reference system

Abstract

The Melting line of the WCA L-J reference system, i.e. the part of the L-J potential representing the repulsive forces, is determined by means of Monte Carlo calculations. The Gibbs free energy of the fluid is calculated by thermodynamic integration and that of the solid by using the Einstein-crystal method of Frenkel and Ladd (1984).     

Shear-induced non-isothermal crystallization of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)

The influence of shear on non-isothermal crystallization of commercial poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was investigated. PBAT melt was sheared at 130 and 150 °C at rates of 10–100/s, and then cooled. The crystallization was followed by a light depolarization technique, whereas the crystallized specimens were analyzed by DSC, 2D-SAXS, 2D-WAXS, PLM and SALS. Shear flow shifted crystallization to higher temperature, and the effect was augmented by lower temperature of shearing as well as by higher shear rate and strain. Crystallization peak rate temperature of PBAT, sheared at 130 °C for 5 min at 100/s, increased by up to 12 °C. However, no evidence of crystal orientation due to shear was found, indicating that the shear induced the point-like nucleation. Only a small increase of melting peak temperatures, by up to 2–5 °C, was observed for the specimens sheared at the highest rates (≥50/s).     

无机盐/陶瓷基超微结构多孔介质熔化过程传热研究

对一种应用于工业炉的蓄热器、太阳能中央接受塔的储能系统微米级颗粒度下含有无机盐的陶瓷多孔材料的熔化加热过程进行理论研究,在研究中考虑陶瓷基体和无机盐热物性、空隙率和融盐汽化率的影响。计算结果表明,较大的陶瓷骨架孔隙率和相变潜热、较小的导热系数造成温度和固液界面位置的变化变慢,但对气相界面的生成和移动影响不大。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定钒钛磁铁矿成分

试样经熔融制成玻璃样片,用X射线荧光光谱法测定钒钛磁铁矿主要成分,实验确定最佳熔融条件和测定条件,测量结果与标样值、未知试样化学分析值对照表明,本法快速、简便、准确、可靠。     

On the simple connectedness of hyperplane complements in dual polar spaces, II

Suppose Δ is a dual polar space of rank n and H is a hyperplane of Δ. Cardinali, De Bruyn and Pasini have already shown that if n≥4 and the line size is greater than or equal to 4 then the hyperplane complement Δ−H is simply connected. This paper is a follow-up, where we investigate the remaining cases. We prove that the hyperplane complements are simply connected in all cases except for three specific types of hyperplane occurring in the smallest case, when the rank and the line size are both 3.