Optimization of ultrasonication period for better dispersion and stability of TiO2–water nanofluid

Nanofluids are promising in many fields, including engineering and medicine. Stability deterioration may be a critical constraint for potential applications of nanofluids. Proper ultrasonication can improve the stability, and possibility of the safe use of nanofluids in different applications. In this study, stability properties of TiO₂–H₂O nanofluid for varying ultrasonication durations were tested. The nanofluids were prepared through two-step method; and electron microscopies, with particle size distribution and zeta potential analyses were conducted for the evaluation of their stability. Results showed the positive impact of ultrasonication on nanofluid dispersion properties up to some extent. Ultrasonication longer than 150 min resulted in re-agglomeration of nanoparticles. Therefore, ultrasonication for 150 min was the optimum period yielding highest stability. A regression analysis was also done in order to relate the average cluster size and ultrasonication time to zeta potential. It can be concluded that performing analytical imaging and colloidal property evaluation during and after the sample preparation leads to reliable insights.     

1.5 T磁共振化学交换饱和转移成像的影响因素分析

本文探讨1.5 T磁共振化学交换饱和转移（Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer,CEST）成像的影响因素.通过试管模型和临床病例,采用GE Signa HDe 1.5 T磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）扫描仪分别进行不同矩阵、激励次数、翻转角、磁化传递翻转角的CEST成像对比分析,以及不同激励次数、磁化传递翻转角的Z谱分析,并从成像组织、成像设备、成像技术等方面对原始图信号、酰胺质子转移（Amide Proton Transfer,APT）信号及Z谱进行分析研究.实验结果表明1.5 T MRI扫描仪的CEST图像信噪比相对较低,且磁场稳定性及均匀度影响了CEST成像的效果.在其他参数不变的情况下,降低采集矩阵和增加激励次数与翻转角可以增加原始图像信噪比.磁化传递翻转角为105°时,CEST成像效果最好.激励次数为2、磁化传递翻转角为105°时,所得数据符合组织Z谱情况.模型Z谱在磁化传递频率为-294~-194 Hz范围可显示30%谷氨酸（Glu）、碘剂（I₃₂₀）、纯水（H₂O）、肌酸（Cr）的信号差异,与H₂O差异最大处在-244~-214 Hz.原始图像信号30% I₃₂₀明显高于Glu、H₂O、Cr,Cr略低于Glu,APT图Cr略低于Glu.25例脑肿瘤的APT图呈高信号、12例脑梗塞的APT图呈低信号,CEST原始图像均可区分病变区域.有12例因采集时间、患者配合情况、环境及室温等影响导致CEST成像的失败.由此得出1.5 T场强下,CEST技术受到成像组织、设备、技术等因素的影响,需要进行多方面优化.在保证磁场稳定性及均匀度的情况下,优化参数的CEST成像和Z谱成像可以区分代谢物及其浓度.     

Evaluation of the brain pH using a phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique – a comparison of women and men

The aim of this study was to determine the reference value of pH in healthy women and men using the phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique. The brains of 65 young volunteers were examined. The intracellular pH was calculated in the group of women and the group of men. In both groups, the average pH was slightly alkaline (respectively 7.10?±?0.08 and 7.08?±?0.12). No statistically significant sex difference in brain pH was found. Thus, in case if this method is used to estimate possible brain pathology in the young population, it is not needed to take the gender factor into consideration.     

感兴趣区域对羊肉pH高光谱检测模型的影响研究

感兴趣区域(regions of interest, ROIs)的选择及其光谱提取是高光谱图像无损检测分析的关键一步。为快速准确检测羊肉pH,在473～1 000 nm波段,开展了两种不同提取ROIs方法对羊肉pH高光谱检测模型的影响研究。采用“矩形区域法”和“图像分割法”两种ROIs方法分别获得相应的122条羊肉光谱,对比了不同预处理方法对建模效果的影响,并比较了两种ROIs方法下逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)、主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)的模型精度。结果表明,提取光谱数据建模中SMLR和PLSR模型效果分别最优。“矩形区域法”提取ROIs对应的SMLR模型校正集的相关系数(R_cal)和均方根误差(RMSEC)分别为0.85和0.085,预测集的相关系数(R_p)和均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.82和0.097。“图像分割法”提取ROIs对应的PLSR模型校正集的R_cal和RMSEC分别为0.95和0.050,预测集的R_p和RMSEP分别为0.91和0.071。其次通过比较“矩形区域法”和PCR, SMLR和PLSR三个模型中,“图像分割法”提取的ROIs光谱数据建模效果较优。表明,应用高光谱图像技术结合“图像分割法”提取ROIs快速无损准确检测羊肉pH具有可行性。     

Effect of pH on the Behavior of Hyaluronic Acid in Dilute and Semidilute Aqueous Solutions

Summary : Viscosity, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFFF) methods, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments were used to characterize the effect of pH on the behavior of dilute and semidilute aqueous buffered solutions of hyaluronic acid (HA). It is shown that degradation of HA occurs at pH < 4 and pH > 11, and in the domain 4 < pH < 11 virtually no disruption of the HA chains occurs. The pH-induced scission of HA is attributed to the cleavage of glycosidic bonds. In dilute solutions, intramolecular rupture of HA chains occurs and in the semidilute concentration regime network-fragmentation is observed at low and high pH values. The degree of degradation of HA is most marked at high pH. From the molecular weight and radius of gyration obtained from AFFFF at different pH values, it is clear that the degradation of HA starts at early times after preparation of the solution, and continues for a couple of days. The kinetics of degradation of HA is fastest at high pH.     

氧化-共沉淀法制备Mn-Zn铁氧体的机理及影响因素

以FeSO4.7H2O、MnSO4.H2O、ZnSO4.7H2O、HCl为原料,NaOH溶液为沉淀剂、H2O2为氧化剂,采用氧化-共沉淀法在液相中制备Mn-Zn铁氧体,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(IR),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对样品进行表征,讨论了Mn-Zn铁氧体在液相中的形成机理和氧化共沉淀法制备Mn-Zn铁氧体的影响因素。结果表明:采用氧化-共沉淀法能在液相中直接制备出Mn-Zn铁氧体,溶液的浓度和pH值是形成单相Mn-Zn铁氧体的两个关键因素;溶液的浓度和pH值低时,制备出的样品中含有非晶相FeOOH且饱和磁化强度低。     

Growth rate of single acetaminophen crystals in supersaturated aqueous solution under different operating conditions

Single crystal growth experiments were conducted to investigate the growth rate of acetaminophen (paracetamol) crystals under carefully controlled conditions of temperature, supersaturation and pH value. The relative growth rate of the different faces was studied. Growth Rate Dispersion (GRD) was observed by studying the effect of supersaturation and temperature on the growth rate. The growth rate in all directions was found to be temperature dependant. Elongation of the crystals was measured due to the faster growth in the Y‐ direction and Xa direction compared to in the Xb direction. Dissolution of the crystals was observed at pH values greater than 8.5, and a growth rate retardation was observed when increasing the pH from 5.6, which is the normal value without additions, to higher values in both acidic and basic mediums up to 8.5. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Design and Synthesis of a New Conjugated Polyelectrolyte as a Reversible pH Sensor

A highly pH sensitive water‐soluble polyfluorene derivative (PFP‐aa) has been designed and synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. The PFP‐aa contains two amino and four carboxylic acid groups in each repeat unit (RU). The protonation and deprotonation of both the carboxylate and amine are controlled by medium pH values. The polymer charge is anticipated to control electrostatic repulsion between polymer chains and lead to different levels of aggregation behaviors. Different fluorescent responses of the PFP‐aa are demonstrated as the environmental pH is changed from 3 to 12. Different sugars can bind to boronic acid to form boronic esters with different binding constants following proton release, thus generating diverse changes in pH. It is demonstrated that PFP‐aa can be used as a pH sensor to detect D ‐fructose.

     

低碳醇氧化电极表面pH值的测量及应用

研究了Ir/IrO₂微平面电极在低碳醇氧化电极表面的pH-E_ocp（pH-开路电位)关系,测量了几种低碳醇在电化学氧化过程中距离电极表面50 μm以内的不同距离处的pH值,对不同低碳醇电化学氧化产生的酸强度进行了比较与分析;Ir/IrO₂微平面电极的pH-E_ocp关系曲线与“醇-羧酸”体系种类有关;乙二醇在电化学氧化过程中产生的pH值最低,甲醇次之,乙醇产生的pH值最高,在500 nm处的稳态pH值分别为0.191、1.13和2.99。通过向电解液中加入NaF,考察了生成的H⁺和F^-结合对金属钛选择性微区刻蚀作用,在乙二醇为前驱体的体系中微孔刻蚀加工速率约为30 nm/min。     

TiO2纳米团聚体的制备及在太阳电池中的应用

利用钛酸四丁酯水解反应,结合溶胶-凝胶与水热处理法制备了TiO2纳米团聚体.以该团聚体制备染料敏化太阳电池的光阳极,不但可以保持纳米粉体高比表面积的优点,同时可以提高对太阳光的散射率,简化电池制备工艺.本文研究了水解pH值对粉体物理性质、电池效率的影响规律.结果表明,水解的pH值对TiO2纳米粒子的尺寸、分布以及染料敏化太阳电池光阳极的显微形貌、电池光电特性都有很大影响.当pH值为1时,制备的电池效率最高达到5.77;(Jsc=15.04 mA/cm2,Voc=0.73 V, FF=0.53).