不完全三值逻辑在语言表达上的相互比较

深入讨论各种命题联结词含量不完全的三值逻辑的语言表达的能力,完全弄明白了三值系统L3,L3,B3,B3,K3,K3,MP的语言表达能力的等效或不等效关系,特别应当指出的一个结论是：中介命题逻辑MP作为一种命题联结词含量不完全的三值系统而言,它和其他命题联结含量不完全的三值逻辑L3,L3Δ,B3,B3Δ,K3,K3Δ的语言表达能力都不等效,从而也由此体现出MP的一种自身特色。     

Composition, microstructure, and properties of CrNx films deposited using medium frequency magnetron sputtering

CrN_x films were deposited on stainless steel and Si (1 1 1) substrates via medium frequency magnetron sputtering in a N₂ + Ar mixed atmosphere. The influence of N₂ content on the deposition rate, composition, microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the as-deposited films was investigated by means of the X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), nanoindentation and tribometer testing. It was found that the N atomic concentration increased and the phase transformed from a mixture of Cr₂N + Cr(N) to single-phase Cr₂N, and then Cr₂N + CrN to pure CrN phase with the increase of N₂ content. The Cr 2p_3/2 and N 1s of XPS spectra also confirmed the evolution of phase. Accordingly, all films exhibited a typical columnar structure which lies in the zone T of Thornton Model. The mixed Cr₂N and Cr(N) phases showed low hardness and high friction coefficient. Cr₂N possessed higher hardness than CrN while CrN exhibited lower friction coefficient.     

离子液体--一种新型的绿色化学反应介质

离子液体是室温下表现为液体的离子化合物,近年来被开发成为一种新型绿色化学反应介质。本文简要介绍了离子液体的特点、发展历史、制备、应用等方面,并对其应用前景做了展望。我们阳信,在不久的将来,离子液体会成为绿色化学工程技术中的一枝新秀。     

Aryl vinyl cyclopropane Cope rearrangements

While the divinyl cyclopropane Cope rearrangement is well-known, and has been broadly applied in synthesis, examples of the aryl vinyl cyclopropane Cope rearrangement are less common and generally limited in scope or reaction yield. The aryl vinyl cyclopropane Cope rearrangement gives access to the benzocycloheptene scaffold, which is present in a variety of naturally occurring and medicinally relevant products. Herein we report a method to obtain either of two regioisomeric benzocycloheptene products via an aryl vinyl cyclopropane Cope rearrangement, featuring additive-controlled regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicate a dynamic equilibration of cyclopropane stereoisomers, followed by rearrangement of the cis diastereomer.     

Advanced ion energy loss models: Applications to subnanometric resolution elemental depth profiling

In principle, the depth distribution of the different chemical elements near the surface of solids can be determined quantitatively and absolutely with subnanometric depth resolution using medium energy ion scattering (MEIS), which is a refined version of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). The energy resolution of current MEIS analyzers reveals spectral features that cannot be resolved using conventional RBS detectors. Thus, the usual data analysis framework based on a standard Gaussian approximation for the ion energy distribution in the target is applicable to regular RBS, but not generally to MEIS, in particular if one aims at subnanometric depth resolution. The observed asymmetry in the ion energy loss distributions is a direct consequence of the asymmetric character of inelastic energy transfers during individual atomic collisions and of the stochastic character of the resulting energy losses. We propose a model that accounts for the proper statistics of the small energy loss events and for an approximate electronic energy loss distribution during the backscattering event. The validity of this model is discussed and applied to the determination of HfO₂ and TiO₂ film thicknesses as well as to detect Al₂O₃ and HfO₂ intermixing. This final application case also illustrates the potentialities as well as some inherent limitations of MEIS. The model developed here has been made available to the public in the form of a software for MEIS data analysis.     

Studies of Orcein and Its Metal Complexes I. Spectral Behaviour of Orcein. Medium Effect and Ionisation Constants

The electronic absorption spectrum of orcein is studied in organic solvent of varied polarities and water-organic solvent mixtures with different pH. The absorption bands are assigned and the effect of solvent polarity on their position is discussed. The pk_a of the acid-base equilibria set are determined and commented upon in relation to nature and proportion of the organic solvent added. The main bands of the ir spectrum and signals of the ¹H nmr spectrum are as well discussed. The mixing of orcein with transition metal ions leads to drastic changes in colour and hence the visible absorption spectra of both organic compound and metal ions.     

EDTA 介质中元素的 ICP-MS行为研究

研究了在EDTA介质中元素的ICP－MS质谱行为，探讨了在不同质谱条件下，EDTA的引入对不同元素分析信号的影响，结果表明：EDTA的引入对元素分析信号有不同程度的增强效应，氧化物产率明显降低，对轻质量元素^9Be,^59Co信号增强的100％，中质量元素^115In,^159Tb信号增强约20％，重质量元素^209Bi,^238U信号变化不明显：LaO^ /La^ ,CeO^ /Ce^ 产率降低约10％，与通常2％HNO3介质的溶液相比，在相同入射功率条件下，EDTA介质中信号达最佳时，需采用稍低的雾化气流速，实验了以有机酸形式引入钠盐对元素分析信号的影响。     

Conformational Properties of (Z,Z)-, (E,Z)-, and (E,E)-Cycloocta-1,4-dienes

Summary.  Ab initio calculations at the HF/6-31G^* level of theory for geometry optimization and the MP2/6-31G^*//HF/6-31G^* level for a single point total energy calculation are reported for (Z,Z)-, (E,Z)-, and (E,E)-cycloocta-1,4-dienes. The C ₂-symmetric twist-boat conformation of (Z,Z)-cycloocta-1,4-diene was calculated to be by 3.6 kJ·mol⁻¹ more stable than the C _S-symmetric boat-chair form; the calculated energy barrier for ring inversion of the twist-boat conformation via the C _S-symmetric boat-boat geometry is 19.1 kJ·mol⁻¹. Interconversion between twist-boat and boat-chair conformations takes place via a half-chair (C ₁) transition state which is 43.5 kJ·mol⁻¹ above the twist-boat form. The unsymmetrical twist-boat-chair conformation of (E,Z)-cycloocta-1,4-diene was calculated to be by 18.7 kJ·mol⁻¹ more stable than the unsymmetrical boat-chair form. The calculated energy barrier for the interconversion of twist-boat-chair and boat-chair is 69.5 kJ·mol⁻¹, whereas the barrier for swiveling of the trans-double bond through the bridge is 172.6 kJ·mol⁻¹. The C _S symmetric crown conformation of the parallel family of (E,E)-cycloocta-1,4-diene was calculated to be by 16.5 kJ·mol⁻¹ more stable than the C _S-symmetric boat-chair form. Interconversion of crown and boat-chair takes place via a chair (C _S) transition state which is 37.2 kJ·mol⁻¹ above the crown conformation. The axial- symmetrical twist geometry of the crossed family of (E,E)-cycloocta-1,4-diene is 5.9 kJ·mol⁻¹ less stable than the crown conformation. Corresponding author. E-mail: isayavar@yahoo.com Received March 25, 2002; accepted April 3, 2002     

傅里叶变换红外光谱的牛乳中αs1-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白含量的快速检测

为了找到一种能够对牛乳中的两种主要过敏原（α_s1和κ-酪蛋白）含量快速检测的方法,以河南、湖北、宁夏和内蒙古四省区的211份中国荷斯坦牛牛乳样本为研究对象,建立了基于傅里叶变换中红外光谱技术的牛乳中α_s1和κ-酪蛋白含量的无损快速检测模型。首先对牛乳的原始光谱进行预分析,发现水对牛乳的光谱吸收具有很强的干扰,对水的两个主要吸收区域1 597~1 712和3 024~3 680 cm-1进行分析,发现水的吸收区域1 597~1 712 cm-1和蛋白的部分吸收区域1 558~1 705 cm-1（酰胺Ⅰ）基本重合,通过对比去除1 597~1 712 cm-1前后的效果,最终选择925.92~3 005.382 cm-1的光谱区域作为敏感波段用于后续分析。选取的全光谱经手动降维,利用MCCV剔除异常样本,分别采用标准正态变量变换（SNV）、多元散射校正(MSC)等8种预处理算法和竞争性自适应重加权算法（CARS）、无信息变量消除法（UVE）等3种特征选择算法联合建立支持向量机回归模型（SVR）。经检验,对于α_s1-酪蛋白,一阶导数和CARS算法结合建立的SVR模型效果最优,训练集相关系数Rc和测试集相关系数R_p分别为0.882 7和0.899 8,训练集均方根误差RMSEC和测试集均方根误差RMSEP分别为1.136 3和1.372 6;对于κ-酪蛋白,一阶差分和UVE算法结合建立的SVR模型效果最优,训练集相关系数R_c和测试集相关系数R_p分别为0.880 8和0.890 3,训练集均方根误差RMSEC和测试集均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.534 5和0.535 4。研究结果表明,基于傅里叶变换中红外光谱技术建立的SVR模型可以对牛乳中的过敏原α_s1和κ-酪蛋白含量进行无损检测,预测效果良好,此研究弥补了国内利用光谱技术对牛乳中的酪蛋白进行无损快速检测的空白。     

Mass and energy flow management in the sector of surface treatment

Vehicle refinishing body shops are concerned by the environmental policy against photochemical air pollution caused by VOC emissions. For supporting these small enterprises the mass and energy flow model IMPROVE has been developed. Based on an LCA-approach, the process steps of vehicle refinishing are modelled. The model IMPROVE helps to disseminate the consequences of product substitution in comparison to so far used products and techniques in the body shop. For the dissemination of experiences practical guidelines have been developed. Moreover, a comprehensible tool for the Solvent Balance is being offered. Thus, various means are available for consulting and also for strategic production planning for the SME in the sector.