不同的灰熔点调控方式对煤灰熔融特性的影响

对两种原始煤灰进行混合,并分别搭配不同的添加剂,得到3种元素组成相同的煤灰,灰熔点测试结果显示,三者的灰熔点存在较大差异。结合X射线衍射技术和SEM-EDX(扫描电子显微镜与能谱联用)分析了3种煤灰(>800 ℃)在高温时的矿物质转化过程。结果表明,不同的灰熔点调控手段对不同煤的影响是不同的。原因是高温时矿物质组成不仅与煤灰化学元素组成相关,更与元素在矿物质中的赋存状态有关。两者共同决定了煤灰的熔融特性。     

Chemical Speciation of Amphoteric Ions on Semi‐Dry Scrubber Residue and Bag‐House Ash from MSWI

Two series of size‐fractionated combusted residues, a bag‐house ash and a scrubber residue, from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were prepared and extracted by means of sequential chemical extraction (SCE) procedures proposed by Tessier. Concentrations of water‐soluble phase, exchangeable phase, carbonated phase, Fe/Mn oxide phase, organic matter phase, and residual phase bound amphoteric metals (Pb and Zn) were obtained, and have been compared with those of single batch extraction of toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). In each size fraction of baghouse ash or scrubber residue, lead or zinc shows a common phenomena that the TCLP value is always lower than the content of the water‐soluble fraction. For lead, baghouse ash has a significant size‐dependent distribution on the water‐soluble phase to perform a size‐dependent test of lead in the TCLP test. The zinc TCLP data having less size dependence might be due to that neither the baghouse ash nor the scrubber residue has a size‐dependent distribution on the water‐soluble zinc phase.     

Evaluation of a mixed chelator as heavy metal stabilizer for municipal solid‐waste incineration fly ash: Behaviors and mechanisms

This paper compares the stabilization performances of three dithiocarbamate and three phosphate chemical stabilizing agents, selects the best agents from each group, combines them as a mixed heavy metal stabilizer for municipal solid‐waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, and investigates the effectiveness of the mixed chelator in stabilizing heavy metals in MSWI fly ash from southwest China. The mechanism of stabilization is also analyzed. Results indicate that piperazine dithiocarbamate can stabilize Cd, Cu, and Ni effectively, while sodium dihydrogen phosphate can stabilize Pb better. With the addition of the mixed chelator (2% sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 1% piperazine dithiocarbamate), all the targeted heavy metal concentrations in the leachate were below the standards for pollution control on municipal solid waste landfill sites in China. The stabilizing agents combined with the heavy metals in fly ash could not generate insoluble crystals; however, the heavy metals could combine with the agents' effective groups, generating flocs in the pores or on the surfaces of the fly ash and offering significant densification. The mixed chelator could transfer heavy metals from unstable fractions to stable fractions, so the leaching of heavy metals from the fly ash was greatly decreased.     

Elution behaviour and environmental impact of heavy metals and rare-earth elements from volcanic ashes of Mt. Oyama,Miyake Island

To obtain information on the environmental impact of materials eluted from volcanic ashes of Mt. Oyama, Miyake Island, which erupted in July 2000, the dissolution behaviours of heavy metals and rare-earth elements from the volcanic ashes were examined. The most important characteristic of the Mt. Oyama eruption is that sulphur dioxide (SO₂) gas has been continuously released, and all persons living on Miyake Island have been required to evacuate. To estimate in terms of the volcanic eruption using SO₂ gas, the ash nature in Mt. Usu, Hokkaido, was also examined and compared with that in Mt. Oyama. When rain water mixed the ashes, the water from the ashes of Mt. Oyama became acidic because of the sulphuric acid. Therefore, SO₂ gas in Mt. Oyama can accelerate the dissolution of protons and heavy metals in the ashes, whereas the rain water in Mt. Usu was not acidic and the dissolution of the heavy metals was not so evident compared with that in the case of Mt. Oyama. With this sulphuric acid, heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg in the ashes in Mt. Oyama easily dissolved owing to the low pH. The ashes in Mt. Oyama had been released for eight years and the amount of fallen ashes was estimated to be 33 billion tons. The weights of the harmful heavy metals in the volcanic ashes, such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg, were estimated to be 3.8?×?10², 1.3?×?10³, 1.1?×?10³ and 29?kg, respectively, and these heavy metals were dissolved and diluted in seawater. Therefore, the concentration and species (chemical form) of these metals should be carefully monitored in the future. Moreover, SO₂ gas, which has a direct effect on human health and has been monitored continuously, causes other effects, such as facilitation of metal ion elution and rock aeration.     

流动注射-电化学发光法测定煤灰中痕量钼(Ⅵ)

基于钼(Ⅵ)在-0.60V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位下在线还原为钼(Ⅲ),且在碱性条件下钼(Ⅲ)与鲁米诺发生化学发光反应,据此提出了流动注射-电化学发光法测定煤灰中痕量钼(Ⅵ)的方法。钼(Ⅵ)的质量浓度与化学发光强度的增加值在5.0×10-7～5.0×10-4g.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为5×10-8g.L-1。对1.0×10-6g.L-1钼(Ⅵ)标准溶液进行11次测定,测定值的相对标准偏差为2.6%。方法可用于煤灰中痕量钼(Ⅵ)的测定,测定值与国标方法测定值相符。     

磁性壳聚糖复合微球的制备及其Cu~(2+)吸附性能

以球磨后的粉煤灰磁珠(MS)颗粒为磁核,通过溶胶凝胶法和反相微乳液法依次包覆SiO_2和壳聚糖(CS),制备了MS@SiO_2@CS磁性微球。利用扫描电镜及能量色散谱仪、热重分析仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、振动样品磁强计对所得样品的结构和磁性进行了系统表征。结果表明,磁珠颗粒表面实现了逐层包覆,较均匀的分散于壳聚糖基体中,MS@SiO_2@CS微球的比饱和磁化强度可达7.04 emu·g~(-1)。Cu~(2+)离子吸附实验表明,所得磁性壳聚糖微球对Cu~(2+)具有良好的吸附能力,最大吸附量可达11.08 mg·g~(-1);而且可通过磁选法高效固液分离。吸附动力学研究表明,MS@SiO_2@CS微球对Cu~(2+)离子的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主。     

TiO2@Ag修饰的粉煤灰微集料增强水泥基材料光催化性能

自清洁和空气净化能力是绿色建筑发展的两个重要方向,它们不仅使建筑体向功能多样化方向发展,而且为新材料的应用提供了平台.因与大量城市环境污染物(氮氧化物,挥发性有机化合物等)直接接触,具有空气净化能力的光催化水泥基材料引起了人们广泛关注.在过去几十年里,通过使用直接喷洒到浆体表层或与水泥原材料预先共混的方法,国内外已相继将TiO2光催化材料应用到了一些实际工程中.但TiO2光催化剂在水泥基材料中高效和稳定发挥其性能仍需解决两个关键问题:(1)它在水泥基体中分散性和效能耐久性问题;(2)其量子效率和对可见光利用率问题.对于后者,目前的材料制备与改性方法,如金属、非金属改性等已能获得量子效率和可见光活性都较好的TiO2类光催化材料.研究表明,水泥水化产物(氢氧化钙、C-S-H凝胶等)的包覆、后期碳化所致气体和光线扩散孔隙的降低是导致TiO2光催化剂在水泥基材料中耐久性和利用率差的可能原因.我们前期报道了一种将纳米TiO2催化剂预先负载到水泥基材料用的多孔粗集料表面,然后将负载型催化剂整体引入到水泥基体中的催化剂应用方法,发现该法能有效提升TiO2催化剂在水泥基材料中的催化效率和耐久性.微米级活性粉煤灰具有良好的水泥基材料兼容性,通过采用简单的碱激发手段,可形成孔径小于50 nm的介孔和微孔类沸石材料,从而影响光催化材料的催化性能.因此,基于粉煤灰的特征,为了进一步提高TiO2催化剂在水泥基材料中的应用效率和催化耐久性,我们采用碱激发法获得了大比表面和介孔结构的沸石类粉煤灰材料,将其用于负载纳米TiO2催化剂,然后引入到水泥基体中,制备了沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥基材料,同时研究了光还原Ag修饰对沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥基材料的催化性能影响及其催化耐久性.结果表明,具有分级孔结构的沸石粉煤灰载体可有效提升纳米TiO2光催化剂在水泥基体中的暴露度,同时还增加了其对气相苯(200×10–6初始浓度)的光催化去除能力.最佳Ag修饰量(1.4×10–4 wt%)沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品对气相苯的光催化伪一级反应速率常数达到9.91×10–3 min?1,分别是沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品和纯TiO2光催化水泥样品效能的3和10倍.光催化稳定性结果发现,在3次催化循环后,样品对气相苯的光催化去除率仍能达到96.3%(180 min).考虑到水泥基材料碳化是影响光催化剂使用耐久性的一个关键因素,我们还评估了沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品28 d加速碳化后的光催化性能.结果表明,经过加速碳化后,样品对气相苯光催化去除率只降低了11%,相比于同条件下纯TiO2水泥样品性能,其催化耐久性显著提高,表明沸石类粉煤灰载体可有效提升TiO2在水泥基体中的催化耐久性.这可能是由于其高孔隙特性可降低周围水泥水化产物的形成量,如高钙/硅比C-S-H凝胶及氢氧化钙结晶,进而降低了这些水化产物碳化所带来的影响.     

燃烧放热对准东煤成灰过程中钠盐释放的影响

选取典型的准东煤五彩湾煤为研究对象,在马弗炉内制备400-1200℃的燃烧灰和再热灰,采用K型热电偶测量燃烧过程中样品表面温度,通过XRF、XRD分析获得灰的成分和结晶形式,取部分灰样逐级萃取,通过微波消解及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),获得灰中钠的赋存特性。结果表明,燃烧和再热灰在成分和晶体形式上差异显著,再热灰钠含量明显高于燃烧灰且灰熔点偏低;随着温度升高灰中钠盐总量明显减少,其中,水溶钠、醋酸铵溶钠迅速减少,而盐酸溶钠含量先增加后减少,不可溶钠增加,释放的钠以可溶钠为主;加热温度和时间影响钠的释放,燃烧反应放热导致煤粉表面温度超过环境温度200℃以上,是钠盐过多释放的主要原因。     

灰中酸性成分对灰熔融温度的影响

搜集并统计了世界129种典型煤种、城市污水污泥及污泥/煤混烧灰样的灰成分及灰熔融特征温度等相关数据,研究灰中酸性成分SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2和P2O5对灰熔融特性的影响。结果表明,Al2O3是决定灰熔点的主要因素,酸性金属氧化物SiO2、Al2O3和TiO2形成的耐熔矿物质石英、偏高岭石、莫来石、金红石等可提高灰熔点。非金属氧化物P2O5与污泥和污泥/煤的灰熔点FT二次拟合很好且明显降低熔点,污泥灰中P2O5含量显著高于煤灰是导致其熔点明显低于煤的重要原因。     

基于布谷鸟算法与BP神经网络的煤灰变形温度预测

以120种煤样为数据基础,采用布谷鸟算法(CS)优化BP(Back Propagation)神经网络,建立了CSBP模型对单煤、煤掺添加剂和配煤等3类样本的煤灰变形温度(DT)样本进行预测。模型以煤灰化学成分及其组合参数等13个变量作为输入量,以变形温度(DT)作为输出量。CSBP模型预测结果与BP神经网络模型预测结果进行对比发现,无论是单煤、煤掺添加剂还是配煤,CSBP模型较BP模型对煤灰变形温度(DT)的预测都更加精准,平均相对误差分别达到了3.11%、4.08%和4.22%。另外,对比3类样本预测结果发现,无论是CSBP模型还是BP模型,相比单煤预测而言,煤掺添加剂及配煤的预测误差都有明显的增加。