零价铁去除水中(类)金属(含氧)离子技术发展的黄金十年(2011-2021)

应用零价铁(ZVI)去除水中(类)金属(含氧)离子是近年来研究的热点。在ZVI除污染过程中,同步提升ZVI除污的反应活性与电子效率对该技术进一步推广应用至关重要。本文综述了近十年(2011-2021年)ZVI的提升技术,主要涉及硫化、外加弱磁场、投加Fe²⁺、投加氧化剂以及其他新型技术。从不同体系广谱研究以及单一体系具体研究的角度,系统分析了这些技术对ZVI去除含氧水体中(类)金属(含氧)离子的反应活性、去除容量、电子效率的提升表现及作用机制。最后,对ZVI技术未来的研究方向作出了展望,以期促进ZVI技术的进一步完善与发展。本文有望为增强零价铁去除污染物的实际效能提供新的探索方向并完备相关理论基础。     

Numerical Investigation of Graphene as a Back Surface Field Layer on the Performance of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell

This paper numerically explores the possibility of ultrathin layering and high efficiency of graphene as a back surface field (BSF) based on a CdTe solar cell by Personal computer one-dimensional (PC1D) simulation. CdTe solar cells have been characterized and studied by varying the carrier lifetime, doping concentration, thickness, and bandgap of the graphene layer. With simulation results, the highest short-circuit current (I_sc = 2.09 A), power conversion efficiency (η = 15%), and quantum efficiency (QE~85%) were achieved at a carrier lifetime of 1 × 10³ μs and a doping concentration of 1 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ of graphene as a BSF layer-based CdTe solar cell. The thickness of the graphene BSF layer (1 μm) was proven the ultrathin, optimal, and obtainable for the fabrication of high-performance CdTe solar cells, confirming the suitability of graphene material as a BSF. This simulation confirmed that a CdTe solar cell with the proposed graphene as the BSF layer might be highly efficient with optimized parameters for fabrication.     

用于红外激光防护的高开关率VO2薄膜

采用反应离子束溅射和后退火处理技术在石英玻璃基底上制备了具有纳米粒子的二氧化钒(VO₂)薄膜. 该薄膜具有半导体-金属相变特性,在3 μm处的开关率达到76.6%。 热致相变实验结果给出了准确的最佳退火温度为465 ℃. 仿真、热致相变和光致相变实验都显示VO₂薄膜在红外波段具有很高的光学开关特性. 光电池防护实验结果显示VO₂薄膜将硅光电池的抗干扰能力提升了2.6倍, 证明了VO₂在激光防护中的适用性. 采用连续可调节系统研究得到VO₂在室温条件下的相变阈值功率密度为4.35 W/cm², 损伤阈值功率密度为404 W/cm²。 低相变阈值和高损伤阈值都进一步证明VO₂薄膜适用于激光防护系统。本实验制备的VO₂薄膜在光开关、光电存储器、智能窗等方面也具有广泛的应用价值.     

Study of ozone generation in an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge reactor

Ozone (O₃) generation in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor driven by a pulsed power supply was investigated at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. An O₃ generation efficiency model is established in which discharge power, O₂ concentration, gas flow rate, and volume of the discharge space are included. Constants in the O₃ generation efficiency model were obtained by fitting the model with experiment results. O₃ concentration can be simply calculated from the energy density and initial O₂ concentration. Comparison on O₃ concentrations from calculation with references is given.     

光生物节律因子计算模型的研究

通过实验测量额头温度拟合光生物节律因子-额温差曲线,对现有评价光生物效应作用大小的BioEq模型和CLA模型的计算结果进行分析比较.利用不同图片LCD屏幕的光谱计算节律因子,发现两种模型对于绿色波段的光抑制较强,而对红色波段的光则与实际不相符.通过对九种不同颜色的LED光源测试额头温度,比较模型计算结果与实际光生物效应的作用,发现光生物节律因子与生理体征变化线性递增,其中对BioEq模型的直线拟合相关度达到0.95.     

掺杂PbSe/PVA量子点的光致聚合物全息特性

通过原位合成法以聚乙烯醇辅助合成了6.5nm、10nm和15nm的PbSe量子点,研究了掺杂PbSe量子点的光致聚合物的全息特性.将三种尺寸的PbSe量子点按不同浓度分别掺入光致聚合物中,制成无机-有机复合型光致聚合物膜,并对其全息性能进行研究.复合聚合物膜的UV-Vis吸收光谱表明掺入的PbSe量子点并未与聚合物中的有机组分发生化学反应.采用氩氪离子激光器输出的647nm红光研究了复合聚合物膜的透过率和全息记录光栅的布喇格偏移与衍射效率.透过率曲线表明PbSe量子点在复合聚合物膜中分散良好,膜表面均匀.由于PbSe量子点在聚合物链中起支撑作用,复合聚合物膜在全息记录过程中不易发生形变,从而增加了聚合物膜的抗缩皱能力.衍射效率曲线表明掺入PbSe量子点的复合聚合物膜的衍射效率比未掺杂的有所提高.此外,体系存在一个最优值,当掺入平均粒径为10nm且浓度为3.6×10-6 mol/L的PbSe量子点时,样品的透过率达到84%,衍射效率从67.2%提升到89.7%,缩皱率降低到0.8%,极大提高了材料的全息性能.     

利用多像素光子计数器的光学串话效应提高光子探测效率

通过分析多像素光子计数器(MPPC)的工作原理和其光学串话(OC)效应的特点,提出在使用MPPC输出雪崩信号的幅度或电荷量作为光子计数的参量时,利用MPPC的OC效应能提高MPPC的光子探测效率的观点,并从理论上分析了OC效应对光子探测效率的影响。理论分析结果显示,在这两种光子计数模式下,利用OC效应能明显提高MPPC的光子探测效率。利用本文模型计算得出当MPPC的雪崩单元数M为1 600个,忽略OC效应时的光子探测效率等于30%,光学串话概率等于50%,以及单脉冲入射光子数均值为10时,包含OC效应影响的等效光子探测效率可提高50%,达45%左右。该结果对MPPC在天体物理、粒子物理、荧光光谱探测等弱光探测场合的应用有一定指导意义。     

低温等离子体处理化工恶臭污染物硫化氢的研究

采用电晕放电低温等离子体处理模拟硫化氢恶臭气体,考察了输入功率、初始浓度、气体湿度、停留时间等因素对降解效果和能量效率的影响,同时对反应过程进行了动力学研究。研究表明：输入功率以及停留时间对硫化氢降解的影响是积极的,但能量效率随着两者的增加先增大后减小。硫化氢的降解率随着初始浓度的增加而降低,而能量效率随着初始浓度的增加而增加。在气体湿度增加初期,硫化氢降解率和能量效率均随着气体湿度的增加而增加,当气体湿度为50%时达到最大值,然而随着气体湿度的进一步增加,其降解率和能量效率反而降低。对电晕放电低温等离子体处理硫化氢的反应动力学进行了分析,得到硫化氢的反应速率常数为kH2S=0.356 8 m3/（W·h）。     

Desorption/ionization efficiencies of triacylglycerols and phospholipids via EASI‐MS

Knowledge of the major effects governing desorption/ionization efficiency is required for the development and application of ambient mass spectrometry. Although all triacylglycerols (TAG) have the same favorable protonation and cationization sites, their desorption/ionization efficiencies can vary dramatically during easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization because of structural differences in the carbon chain. To quantify this somewhat surprising and drastic effect, we have performed a systematic investigation of desorption/ionization efficiencies as a function of unsaturation and length for TAG as well as for diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and several phospholipids (PL). Affinities for Na⁺ as a function of unsaturation level have also been assayed via comprehensive metadynamics calculations to understand the influence of this phenomenon on the ionization efficiency. The results suggest that dipole–dipole interactions within a carbon chain tuned by unsaturation sites govern ionization efficiency of TAG and PL. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.