气云爆轰的一维模型

激波作用下，悬浮液谪在高温、高压和高速气流中变形、蒸发、剥离甚至破碎。雾化燃料经过一段延迟时间后点火燃烧释放出大量的能量。这些能量由局部爆炸波所携带，通过碰撞传递给引导微波，从而使气云爆轰波自持。文中提出的气云爆轰的一维模型考虑了上述基本过程，并从理论上推导了点火面和ＣＪ面的判据。通过计算，文中讨论了气云爆轰的松弛结构和影响ＣＪ爆速的因素，爆速的计算值与实验值基本相符。     

Direct Numerical Simulation of Statistically Stationary One- and Two-Phase Turbulent Combustion: A Turbulent Injection Procedure

A new turbulent injection procedure dedicated to fully compressible direct numerical simulation (DNS) or large eddy simulation (LES) solvers is proposed. To avoid the appearance of spurious acoustic waves, this method is based on an accurate tracking of the turbulent structures crossing the boundary at the inlet of the domain. A finite difference DNS solver has been coupled with a spectral simulation in which a statistically stationary homogeneous turbulence evolves to provide fluctuating boundary conditions.A new turbulence forcing method, dedicated to spectral solvers, has been developed as well to control the major properties of the injected flow (turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate and integral length scale). One-dimensional Navier–Stokes characteristic boundary conditions extended to non-stationary flows are coupled with the injection procedure to evaluate is potential in four various configurations: spatially decaying turbulence, dispersion of vaporizing sprays, propagation of one- and two-phase V-shape turbulent flames.     

喷射沉积过共晶Al—Si合金的微观组织和抗磨性能

采用扫描电子显微镜和Falex-6型摩擦磨损试验机研究了普通铸造和喷射沉积过共晶Al—Si合金的微观组织和摩擦学性能．显微组织观察和摩擦磨损试验结果表明，喷射沉积能够显著改变过共晶Al—Si合金中初晶Si相的形态和尺寸，细化合金的基体组织；与普通铸造合金相比，沉积态合金具有更好的耐磨性能．     

Direct drug analysis from oral fluid using medical swab touch spray mass spectrometry

Fourteen common drugs of abuse were identified in spiked oral fluid (ng mL⁻¹ levels), analyzed directly from medical swabs using touch spray mass spectrometry (TS-MS), exemplifying a rapid test for drug detection. Multiple stages of mass analysis (MS² and MS³) provided identification and detection limits sought by international forensic and toxicological societies, Δ⁹-THC and buprenorphine excluded. The measurements were made using a medical swab as both the sampling probe and means of ionization. The adaptation of medical swabs for TS-MS analysis allows non-invasive and direct sampling of neat oral fluid. Data acquisition was rapid, seconds per drug, and MS³ ensured reliable identification of illicit drugs. The reported data were acquired to investigate (i) ionization of common drugs from commercial swabs, (ii) ion intensity over spray duration, and (iii) dynamic range, all as initial steps in development of a quantitative method. The approach outlined is intended for point-of-care drug testing using oral fluid in clinical applications as well as in situ settings, viz. in forensic applications. The proof-of-concept results presented will require extension to other controlled substances and refinement in analytical procedures to meet clinical/legal requirements.     

Preparation and characterization of poly(m-xylylene oxamide) and its copolymer

New polyoxamides, poly(m-xylylene oxamide) (PMXD2) and its copolymer with 2-methyl-1,5- pentanediamine (P(MXD2/M52)) with relative viscosity up to 4.6 were synthesized via spray/solid state polymerization. The obtained polyoxamides were characterized by FTIR, NMR, WAXD, DSC and TGA. The T_m of the copolymers decreased with increasing percentage of poly(2-methyl-1,5- pentaneoxamide) (PM52) in the copolymer from 346°C for 100% poly(meta-xylyleneoxamide) (PMXD2) to 277°C for copolymers of PMXD/PM52 (60/40). TGA analysis revealed that the thermal stability of the copolymers compared well with commercial PA6 and XRD studies suggested the copolymers possessed high crystallinity. DMA profile of the PMXD/PM52 (70/30) copolymer showed better mechanical performance with a storage modulus of about 7.2 GPa as compared to 1.8 GPa of PA6 at 25°C.     

Proteomic analysis of a spring wheat cultivar in response to prolonged cold stress

Cold represents one of the major abiotic factors influencing plant growth and development worldwide. We analysed the long-term responsiveness of an Iranian spring wheat (cv. Kohdasht) to cold from a proteomic point of view, in order to unravel the molecular mechanisms helping a cold-sensitive cultivar to survive exposure to suboptimal temperatures. Plants were grown at 20 or 4°C until entering the reproductive stage and a cross-comparison on the leaf proteomes was performed. Quantitative analyses on protein alterations occurring upon low-temperature exposure showed a reinforcement in ascorbate recycling (dehydroascorbate reductase, ascorbate peroxidase) and protein processing (proteasome subunit, cysteine proteinase), as well as the accumulation of the enzyme devoted to tetrapyrrole resynthesis (glutamate semialdehyde aminomutase). In contrast, among proteins down-regulated after cold stress, we could identify some key Krebs cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase), together with many photosynthesis-related proteins (oxygen-evolving complex proteins, ATP synthase subunits, ferredoxin NADPH oxidoreductase and some Calvin cycle enzymes). Physiological and biochemical parameters (such as shoot apex dissection, chlorophyll, proline and sugar content determination) sustained proteomics findings allowing the present research to contribute to the current knowledge on these long-term responses, which may be crucial to stress adaptation under field conditions.     

Direct monitoring of drug degradation by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry: the case of enalapril

Using enalapril maleate as a test case, the ability of ambient mass spectrometry, namely, via easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI‐MS), to perform direct monitoring of drug degradation has been tested. Two manufacturing processes were investigated (direct compression and wet granulation), and the formation of degradation products was measured via both EASI‐MS and high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for a total period of 18 months. Both techniques provide comparable results, which indicate that direct analysis by ambient mass spectrometric techniques presents a viable alternative for drug degradation monitoring with superior simplicity, throughput, and reliability (no sample manipulation), and comparable quantitative results. In terms of qualitative monitoring, the full mass spectra with intact species provided by EASI‐MS allow for comprehensive monitoring of known and unknown (or unexpected) degradation products. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改进的QGA-ELM算法水稻叶面积指数反演模型

为了通过植被指数（VI）准确、可靠的获取不同施肥梯度、不同品种的水稻叶面积指数（LAI）,提出了一种基于改进的QGA-ELM算法应用于水稻LAI反演。首先通过8折交叉验证确定极限学习机(ELM)最佳的隐含层神经元个数与隐含层激活函数类型,再通过引入组合动态旋转角策略、单点混沌交叉操作、混沌变异操作、确定性选择策略、量子灾变操作对量子遗传算法（QGA）进行改进,最后使用改进后的QGA算法优化ELM神经网络输入层到隐含层的连接权值和隐含层的阈值。为了验证该模型普适性和有效性,依次建立多元线性回归、BP、ELM、QGA-ELM、改进的QGA-ELM算法5种模型,并在不同数据集上进行反演效果比较,结果表明：（1）对比QGA-ELM算法和改进的QGA-ELM算法进化过程,改进的算法能有效提升模型寻优能力,避免算法早熟,且能寻得更优结果。（2）对比五种算法在不同数据集上的反演效果,验证了NDVI,RVI与LAI之间主要为非线性关系,且ELM神经网络模型反演效果要优于BP神经网络模型和多元线性回归模型。（3）对比五种算法在不同数据集上的反演效果,改进的QGA-ELM算法绝大部分情况下拥有最高的反演精度和最低的误差,改进后的算法反演精度得到了明显提升,泛化性能也得到了增强。（4）改进的QGA-ELM算法在各种施肥梯度上均具有最高反演精度和最低误差,且精度较高,能为不同生长状况水稻LAI反演提供依据。（5）五种模型对庆和香LAI反演精度均要高于龙稻18,而改进的QGA-ELM算法在不同水稻品种上依然具有较高的反演精度,且在不同水稻品种上反演精度相差极小,远低于其他四种模型,能很好适应不同水稻品种LAI反演要求,极大提升模型的稳定性性,为不同水稻品种反演提供参考意义。     

Comparative Study of Plasma Spray Flow Fields and Particle Behavior Near to Flat Inclined Substrates

Numerical models have been developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis program FLUENT V6.02^© to investigate the effect of the substrate on the behavior of the plasma flow fields and in-flight particles. Simulations are performed for cases where flat substrates are either present or absent, for the former, the substrate is oriented perpendicularly or inclined to the torch axis. It is shown that although the presence of perpendicular or inclined substrate significantly influences the plasma flow fields at the vicinity of the substrate, the particle behavior remain relatively unaffected. The insignificant effect of the substrate on particle behavior is qualitatively verified by experimental observation using SprayWatch^© imaging diagnostics equipment. Images captured by the equipment confirm that the particles travel through the plasma plume with high momentum and show no sudden change in theirtrajectories right before impacting the substrate. Both the numerical and experimental findings show that the freestream model is sufficiently detailed for future work of this nature.     

Visibly transparent & radiopaque inorganic organic composites from flame-made mixed-oxide fillers

Radiopaque composites have been produced from flame-made ytterbium/silica mixed oxide within a crosslinked methacrylate resin matrix. The refractive index of the filler powder increased with ytterbium oxide loading. A high transparency was achieved for a matching refractive index of the filler powder and the polymer in comparison to commercial materials with 52 wt% ceramic filling. It was demonstrated that powder homogeneity with regard to particle morphology and distribution of the individual metal atoms is essential to obtain a highly transparent composite. In contrast, segregation of crystalline single-oxide phases drastically decreased the composite transparency despite similar specific surface areas, refractive indices and overall composition. The superior physical strength, transparency and radiopacity compared to composites made from conventional silica based-fillers makes the flame-made mixed-oxide fillers especially attractive for dental restoration materials.