Arsenobetaine as the major arsenic compound in the muscle of two species of freshwater fish

The chemical form of arsenic contained in the muscle of certain freshwater fish was examined using cultured specimens of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and wild specimens of Japanese smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis). More than 95% of the total arsenic of both species was extracted with methanol and recovered in the water-soluble fraction. The major arsenic compound of both species was purified by cation-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 and HPLC on Asahipak GS-220H. Behavior in the above purification procedure and analyses of the purified compounds by HPLC–ICP and TLC confirmed that the major arsenic compound of both species was arsenobetaine. Arsenobetaine found in cultured rainbow trout seems to be derived from the commercial assorted feed containing arsenobetaine as the major arsenical. On the other hand, the result with wild Japanese smelt suggested that arsenobetaine is a naturally occurring compound in the freshwater environment.     

The determination of tin,chlorine, and fluorine in six japanese sedimentary standards

Concentrations of tin, chlorine, and fluorine in six new Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) sedimentary standards are reported. Tin was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), following a lithium metaborate (LMB) fusion of the rock material. Chlorine and fluorine were determined using ion-selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry following an acid digestion and a LMB fusion, respectively. The methods employed are briefly described and determination limits in the rock of 0.2 g/g for tin, 10 g/g for chlorine, and 100 g/g for fluorine are reported. The precision obtained for the six sedimentary standards, expressed as %relative standard deviation, averaged 5.3% over the range of 2-200 g/g tin, 5.8% over the range of 20–65 g/g chloride, and 1.7% over the range of 100–4500 g/g fluoride, all in the rock. This compares favorably to the precision obtained for international geologic reference materials determined concurrently with the GSJ sedimentary standards. The values of tin, chloride, and fluoride obtained for the international reference materials were in favorable agreement with the recommended literature values.     

日本梅花品种的筛选及嫁接技术研究

对引进的23个日本梅花品种的成活率、生长势、着花状况、花色及花期天数等5个指标进行了研究，从中筛选出7个生长性状优良、适合宁波地区推广的日本梅花品种；对选出的品种分别进行“T”字形芽接和切接的嫁接技术研究，总结出一套适合宁波地区操作的日本梅花品种嫁接技术．     

柿叶中化学成分及其药理作用研究

对柿叶中具有药理活性的物质,特别是黄酮类、维生素C及有机酸类和萜类等的种类、结构和药理作用进行了综述,对功能性柿叶保健品的研发和人们日常生活中对心脑血管和内脏出血病症的预防改善有重要指导意义。     

Phylogenetic studies of dogs with emphasis on Japanese and Asian breeds

The first domestication of the dog occurred in East Asia, and major ancestor of the dog was a wolf subspecies, Canis lupus chanco. This finding derives from data on the nucleotide sequences of mtDNA and the frequency of genes controlling blood protein polymorphisms in various subspecies of wolves and dog breeds around the world. The results of the allele frequency distribution of genes controlling 16 blood protein polymorphisms, and the incidence of dogs possessing erythrocytes with high potassium (HK) in Japan, East Asia and Europe allowed us to posturate the following hypothesis about the origins of Japanese dogs and the history of their development. In the Jomon period the first dogs entered the Japanese archipelago from southern or northern continental Asia. These dogs eventually spread throughout Japan. Then, during the Yayoi and Kofun periods, other dogs were brought over via the Korean Peninsula, and crossbreeding occurred with the original dogs. The resulted offspring can be assumed to be the ancestors of most of the Japanese breeds that exist today. Ethological studies have revealed a significant breed difference in behavioral traits among canine breeds with Japanese dogs, showing more aggressive dispositions than most of European dogs.     

Production of bacterial cellulose by Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 isolated from persimmon vinegar

The optimum fermentation medium for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by a newly isolated Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 was investigated. The optimized medium composition for cellulose production was determined to be 15 g/L glycerol, 8 g/L yeast extract, 3 g/L K₂HPO₄, and 3 g/L acetic acid. Under these optimized culture medium, Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 produced 5.63 g/L of BC after 144 h of shaken culture, although 4.59 g/L of BC was produced after 144 h of static culture. The amount of BC produced by Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 was more than 2 times in the optimized medium found in this study than in a standard Hestrin and Shramm medium, which was generally used for the cultivation of BC-producing organisms.     

Modeling and Analyzing Cultural Influences on Project Team Performance

Research on international joint ventures (IJV) finds managers experience difficulties in working with cross-cultural teams. Our research aims to understand how cultural differences between Japanese and American firms in IJV projects effect team performance through computational experimentation. We characterize culture and cultural differences using two dimensions: practices and values.Practices refer to each cultures typical organization style, such as centralization of authority, formalization of communication, and depth of organizational hierarchy. Values refer to workers preferences in making task execution and coordination decisions. These preferences drive specific micro-level behavior patterns for individual workers. Previous research has documented distinctive organization styles and micro-level behavior patterns for different nations. We use a computational experimental design that sets task complexityat four levels and team experience independently at three levels, yielding twelve organizational contexts. We then simulate the four possible combinations of USvs.Japanese organization style and individual behavior in each context to predict work volume, cost, schedule andprocess quality outcomes. Simulation results predict that: (1) both Japanese and American teams show better performance across all contexts when each works with its familiar organization style; (2) the Japanese organization style performs better under high task complexity, with low team experience; and (3) process quality risk is not significantly affected by organization styles. In addition, culturally driven behavior patterns have less impact on project outcomes than organization styles. Our simulation results are qualitatively consistent with both organizational and cultural contingency theory, and with limited observations of US-Japanese IJV project teams.This paper won the best Ph.D. student paper award at NAACSOS 2004, Pittsburgh PA. NAACSOS is the main conference of the North American Association for Computational Social and Organizational Science.Tamaki Horii is a Ph.D. candidate in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Stanford University. His research focuses on various aspects of cultural and institutional influences on team performance. He is currently developing new models to capture and distinguish the cultural factors that emerging in global projects. He received a MS in Architecture at the Science University of Tokyo and a MS in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University.Yan Jin is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Southern California and Director of USC IMPACT Laboratory , and a visiting Professor of Civil Engineering Department at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. degree in Naval Engineering from the University of Tokyo in 1988. Prior to joining USC faculty in the Fall of 1996, Dr. Jin was a Senior Research Scientist at Stanford University. His current research interests include design methodology, agent-based collaborative engineering, and computational organization modeling. Dr. Jin is a recipient of National Science Foundation CAREER Award (1998), TRW Excellence in Teaching Award (2001), Best Paper in Human Information Systems (5th World Multi-Conference on Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 2001), and Xerox Best Paper Award (ASME International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology, 2002).Raymond E. Levitt is a Professor of Civil Engineering Department at Stanford University, a Professor, by Courtesy, Medical Informatics, an Academic director of Stanford Advanced Project Management Executive Program, and a Director of Collaboratory for Research on Global Projects (CRGP) . His Virtual Design Team (VDT) research group has developed new organization theory, methodology and computer simulation tools to design organizations that can optimally execute complex, fast-track, projects and programs. VDT is currently being extended to model and simulate service/maintenancework processes such as health care delivery and offshore platform maintenance. Ongoing research by Professor Levitts Virtual Design Team research group attempts to model and simulate the significant institutional costs that can arise in global projects due to substantial differences in goals, values and cultural norms among project stakeholders.     

Determination of field-incurred pyrimethanil residues in persimmon (Diospyros kaki Linn) by liquid chromatography

Field trials have been carried out to determine the residues of the fungicide pyrimethanil in persimmon (Diospyros kaki Linn) after field treatment. Three treatments using pyrimethanil (PYR 30% WP) were carried out on persimmon trees at a recommended dose rate: the former was sprayed at two different times at 30 and 21 days prior to harvesting; the second was sprayed three times at 40, 30 and 21 days prior to harvesting; and the third was sprayed four times at 40, 30, 21 and 14 days prior to harvesting. The analysis was based on liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 268 nm. Pyrimethanil was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry HPLC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method was validated with spiked fruit samples at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.4 ppm. Average recoveries (three replicates) ranged from 87.1 to 92.1% with relative standard deviations between 4.5 and 11.98%. The calculated limit of detection was 0.02 ppm and the limit of quantitation was 0.07 ppm. After two, three or four applications, pyrimethanil residues on persimmon averaged 0.44, 0.48 or 0.53 ppm, respectively; all of these values were below the maximum residue level established by the Korean Food and Drug Administration (5.0 ppm). This indicates that pyrimethanil residues declined to a level well below the maximum residue level within the 14 day period between the last application and harvesting.     

毛细管电泳测定柿子中维生素C的含量

建立高效毛细管电泳法测定柿子中维生素C的含量,缓冲液为25 mmol/L 的磷酸盐缓冲液(NaOH调pH为7.40),电压20 kV,柱温25℃,检测波长254 nm.该方法相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.35％,加样回收率(n=6)为99.04％(RSD 1.01％),在0.25～2.5 g/L线性范围内,维生素C的峰面...