Waste-activated sludge (WAS) as Cr(III) sorbent biosolid from wastewater effluent

A biological sludge – waste-activated sludge (WAS) – from a dairy filtering station was investigated for the removal of trivalent chromium from aqueous solution. Kinetic results revealed that chromium adsorption was instantaneous. The removal rate increases up to pH 4 for contact times beyond 20 min. The equilibrium state is attained in 30 min in all the considered systems. The reaction orders as well as the diffusion rate constant were determined. Values adsorption isotherms measured at pH 3 generally followed the Langmuir model. The maximum uptake capacity was 25.64 mg/g. Values of thermodynamic parameters show that chromium (III) sorption on WAS is an exothermic process.This study provides an opportunity for the removal of heavy metals such as chromium from aqueous solutions using a low-cost biosolid as adsorbent support.     

Synthesis, characterization, and sorption properties of silica gel-immobilized Schiff base derivative

Silica gel was derivatized with benzophenone 4-aminobenzoylhydrazone (BAH), a Schiff base derivative, after silanization of silica by 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTS) by using a reported method. Characterization of the surface modification was confirmed through infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. The immobilized surface was used for Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) sorption from aqueous solutions. The influence of the amount of sorbent, ion concentration, pH, and temperature was investigated. The sorption data followed Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The mean sorption energy (E) of benzophenone 4-aminobenzoylhydrazone (BAH) immobilization onto silica gel was calculated from D-R isotherms, indicating a chemical sorption mode for four cations. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., DeltaG, DeltaS, and DeltaH, were also calculated for the system. From these parameters, DeltaH values were found to be endothermic: 27.0, 22.7, 32.6, and 34.6 kJ mol(-1) for Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) metal ions, respectively. DeltaS values were calculated to be positive for the sorption of the same sequence of divalent cations onto sorbent. Negative DeltaG values indicated that the sorption process for these three metal ions onto immobilized silica gel is spontaneous.     

2-巯基苯并噻唑直接键合硅胶的制备及其对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附性能研究

采用一种简单有效的方法合成了2-巯基苯并噻唑(MBT)直接键合硅胶.将键合硅胶用于水中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,考查了溶液pH值的影响.结果表明当pH为6时,键合硅胶的吸附量最大.通过分批实验,研究了278K、293K和308K 3个温度条件下的吸附平衡.应用Langmuir和Freundlich两个双参数等温线模型进行拟合,MATLAB软件的误差分析表明,Freundlich模型与实验数据更加吻合.计算得到吸附过程的热力学参数△G°、△H°和△S°的值分别为-21.90kJ/mol(293K)、14.57kJ/mol和124.61J/(mol·K).结果表明,键合硅胶对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附是一个自发进行的吸热过程.     

在气/液界面牛血清蛋白对阴离子磷脂DPPG脂单层膜的动态行为和形貌变化的影响

The interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the anionic 1.2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero- 3-(phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)) (sodium salt) (DPPG) phospholipid at different subphase pH values was investigated at air-water interface through surface pressure measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation. By analyzing surface pressure-mean molecular area (π-A) isotherms, the limiting molecular area in the closed packing state-the concentration of BSA (A_lim-[BSA]) curves, the compressibility coefficient-surface pressure (C_S^-1-π) curves and the difference value of mean molecular area-the concentration of BSA (ΔA-[BSA]) curves, we obtained that the mean molecular area of DPPG monolayer became much larger when the concentration of BSA in the subphase increased at pH=3 and 5. But the isotherms had no significant change at different amount of BSA at pH=10. In addition, the amount of BSA molecules adsorbed onto the lipid monolayer reached a threshold value when [BSA]>5×10^-8 mol/L for all pHs. From the surface pressure-time (π-t) data, we obtained that desorption and adsorption processes occurred at pH=3, however, there was only desorption process occurring at pH=5 and 10. These results showed that the interaction mechanism between DPPG and BSA molecules was affected by the pH of subphase. BSA molecules were adsorbed onto the DPPG monolayers mainly through the hydrophobic interaction at pH=3 and 5, and the strength of hydrophobic interaction at pH=3 was stronger than the case of pH=5. At pH=10, a weaker hydrophobic interaction and a stronger electrostatic repulsion existed between DPPG and BSA molecules. AFM images revealed that the pH of subphase and [BSA] could affect the morphology features of the monolayers, which was consistent with these curves. The study provides an important experimental basis and theoretical support to understand the interaction between lipid and BSA at the air-water interface.     

Removal of Reactive Yellow 84 from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto hydroxyapatite

The adsorption of a reactive dye, Reactive Yellow 84, from aqueous solution onto synthesized hydroxyapatite was investigated. The experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the dye uptake by the adsorbent, such as the contact time under agitation, absorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, temperature and pH of dye solution. The experimental results show that the amount of dye adsorbed increases with an increase in the amount of hydroxyapatite. The maximum adsorption occurred at the pH value of 5. The equilibrium uptake was increased with an increase in the initial dye concentration in solution. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir isotherm equation. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 50.25 mg/g. The adsorption has a low temperature dependency and was endothermic in nature with an enthalpy of adsorption of 2.17 kJ mol⁻¹.     

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide/bentonite hydrogel nanocomposite for the sequestration of lead and cadmium from aqueous phase: Equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamic studies

Clay-hydrogel nanocomposites are suitable material for mitigating the pollution/environmental impact because of their high adsorption capacity. In this study, the synthesis of polyacrylamide/bentonite hydrogel nanocomposite was assisted by ultrasound through successful incorporation of nanobentonite as filler and cross-linker into polyacrylamide framework. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM-EDX, and TEM in order to observe structural changes and sorption interactions. The effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and pH on the sequestration of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was analyzed. The adsorbent removed more than 95% Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ within first 20 min, which corresponds to relatively high pseudo-first order rate constant, k₁ (0.240 for Pb²⁺ and 0.253 1/min for Cd²⁺) and pseudo-second order rate constant, k₂ (0.031 for Pb²⁺ and 0.033 g/mg/min for Cd²⁺). The isotherm and kinetics modeling data were best described by Freundlich isotherm over the entire concentration range and pseudo-second order rate equation, respectively. The thermodynamic studies implied spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity (138.33 for Pb²⁺ and 200.41 mg/g for Cd²⁺) determined using Langmuir model along with a good regeneration potential depicts that polyacrylamide/bentonite hydrogel nanocomposite could be used effectively for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ uptake from aqueous solution.     

Biosorption of nickel from aqueous solutions by Acacia leucocephala bark: Kinetics and equilibrium studies

The biosorption of nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution by Acacia leucocephala bark was studied in a batch adsorption system as a function of pH, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature. The maximum Ni(II) adsorption was obtained at pH 5. Further, the biosorbents were characterized by Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The experimental data were analysed using three sorption kinetic models viz., the pseudo-first- and second-order equations and the intraparticle diffusion model. Results show that the pseudo-second-order equation provides the best correlation for the biosorption process. The equilibrium nature of Ni(II) adsorption at different temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C have been described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The equilibrium data fit well Langmuir isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacity of A. leucocephala bark as obtained from Langmuir isotherm at 30 °C was found to be 294.1 mg/g. The Chi-square (χ²) and Sum of the square errors (SSE) tests were also carried out to find the best fit adsorption isotherm and kinetic model. Isotherms have been used to determine thermodynamic parameters of the process, viz., free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°), and entropy change (ΔS°) were calculated indicating that this system was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Present investigation emphasized that A. leucocephala bark may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for nickel removal.     

Adsorption and solid phase extraction of 8-hydroxyquinoline from aqueous solutions by using natural bentonite

The nitrogen-heterocyclic compound 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) is one of the components of coal tar and has a wide variety of uses in industry. Because of its toxicity for aquatic organisms and harmful effects for human health, the removal of 8HQ from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto natural bentonite was investigated in the present work. The experimental results show that the optimum pH value of 2.5 is favourable for the 8HQ adsorption. The experimental data were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models at all studied temperatures. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model at 20 °C was 120.6 mg g⁻¹. The calculated thermodynamic results such as ΔG° (−24.3 kJ mol⁻¹) and ΔH° (−9.56 kJ mol⁻¹) indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Solid phase extraction of 8HQ was also performed. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were carried out in order to confirm the 8HQ adsorption onto bentonite. According to the obtained results, natural bentonite can be a reusable and effective adsorbent for the removal of 8HQ.     

Adsorption of methylene blue onto sonicated sepiolite from aqueous solutions

The aim of the present study is to enhance the methylene blue (MB) adsorption of sepiolite by ultrasonic treatment. The natural sepiolite was pretreated by sonication to improve the surface characteristics and enhance the dye uptake capacity. Sonication process resulted in a significant increase in the specific surface area (SSA) of sepiolite. The FTIR spectrum of the sonicated sepiolite indicates that the tetrahedral sheet is probably distorted after sonication process. The effect of various parameters such as sonication, pH, initial dye concentration and temperature on dye adsorption has been investigated. The adsorbed amount of MB on sepiolite increased after sonication as well as with increasing pH and temperature. The experimental data were evaluated by applying the pseudo-first- and second-order, and the intraparticle diffusion adsorption kinetic models. Adsorption process of MB onto sepiolite followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and found that the isotherm data were reasonably well correlated by Langmuir isotherm. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of sepiolite for MB increased from 79.37 to 128.21 mg/g after the sonication. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰ and ΔS⁰ were calculated. The thermodynamics of MB/sepiolite system indicated spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. Adsorption measurements showed that the process was very fast and physical in nature.     

氢氧化铝对重金属离子的吸附性能研究

氢氧化铝对重金属的吸附速率大小顺序为锌铬铅铜镉。5种元素的吸附速率在反应的前几小时内变化很快,之后逐渐趋于平衡。在这些金属中,铜元素在吸附反应初期存在一个峰值变化。氢氧化铝对镉、锌、铜、铅、铬的吸附,在实验浓度范围内,都很好地符合Freundlich型等温式,吸附指数(1/n)在0.1—0.5之间,吸附反应容易进行。氢氧化铝对锌的吸附能力要更强一些。镉、锌、铜、铅、铬的吸附等温线方程分别为qe=14.13Ce1/1.45(20.0±0.5℃)、qe=20.36Ce1/1.70(21.0±0.5℃)、qe=5.10Ce1/1.16(23±1℃)、qe=16.21Ce1/1.01(24.0±0.5℃)、qe=7.76Ce1/1.22(24.0±0.5℃)。在金属离子的初始浓度较低时,吸附量随着金属离子初始浓度的增大而增大;在初始浓度达到一定值时,吸附量出现吸附平衡。