Ion-exchange resin decomposition in supercritical water

Abstract

Using supercritical water oxidation, the cation exchange resin was decomposed fast and completely to water, carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. While the resin decomposition yield increased with the reaction time and the amount of hydrogen peroxide added as oxidizing agent, it was constant in the resin concentration from 0.14 to 1.9 dry resin weight percent to water. More than 99% of the cation exchange resin was decomposed with hydrogen peroxide added in the amount of 7 times the stoichiometric value at 673 K and 30MPa for 30 minutes of the reaction time. The cation exchange resin is decomposed through two main reaction pathways. One has a rate controlling intermediate such as acetic acid whose decomposition rate was very slow, and the other does not have stable intermediates. The decomposition of the acetic acid is a significant factor for the complete decomposition of the resin, although it does not dominate the whole resin decomposition. A simple kinetic model that estimates the resin decomposition yield was developed.     

婆罗洲和马达加斯加柯巴树脂红外光谱特征及其与外观相似琥珀的快速鉴别

琥珀是古植物的液态树脂经过多种地质作用后形成的石化树脂。柯巴树脂是形成年代较短且成熟度较低的半石化树脂,其外观与琥珀较为相似。柯巴树脂与琥珀都是天然树脂在石化过程中的产物,两者的化学成分存在过渡、重叠,具有较多的相似性,导致二者的鉴别有一定难度。近期市场上出现两个产地的柯巴树脂,其中棕红色-棕色的婆罗洲柯巴树脂常被误认为缅甸琥珀,淡金色-金色的马达加斯加柯巴树脂常与波罗的海琥珀混淆,已引起较为广泛的注意。为此,以外观相似的婆罗洲柯巴树脂与缅甸琥珀,马达加斯加柯巴树脂与波罗的海琥珀,为研究对象每类选取四块代表性样品,共16块。红外光谱测试在中国地质大学(北京)珠宝学院宝石研究实验室完成。测试仪器为BRUKER TENSOR 27型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,扫描16次,分辨率为4 cm-1, 扫描范围为4 000~400 cm-1,室温。研究结果显示,外观相似的柯巴树脂和琥珀红外光谱吸收峰位置和吸收强度存在可识别的差异,因此可以利用红外光谱特征对其进行科学有效的鉴别。婆罗洲柯巴树脂的红外光谱主要特征为3 000~2 800 cm-1范围内的4处吸收峰和1 710 cm-1处较强吸收峰,1 730 cm-1处肩峰、887与824 cm-1处弱吸收峰。马达加斯加柯巴树脂的红外光谱主要特征为与CC双键相关的3处组合吸收峰、1 697 cm-1处强吸收峰,1 724 cm-1处肩峰和由1 271与1 176 cm-1吸收峰组成的“W 图形”。与婆罗洲柯巴树脂外观相似的缅甸琥珀可以通过3 000~2 800 cm-1范围内的2处吸收峰、1 724 cm-1处强吸收峰、1 300~1 100 cm-1范围内的一个“W图形”进行快速鉴别。与马达加斯加柯巴树脂易混淆的波罗的海琥珀可以通过“波罗的肩”进行快速区分。另外,婆罗洲柯巴树脂R (A_{1 383 cm-1}/A_{1 464 cm-1})值为0.823~0.860,大于缅甸琥珀0.605~0.643;马达加斯加柯巴树脂R值为0.900~0.985,大于波罗的海琥珀0.704~0.783,该值也可作为区分特征。国内有关琥珀和柯巴树脂的研究主要为气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)划分的Ⅰ类琥珀和柯巴树脂(主要化学成分为半日花烷型双萜化合物的聚合物),柯巴树脂针对新西兰和哥伦比亚这两个产地,缺乏婆罗洲和马达加斯加柯巴树脂的红外光谱分析。该研究对外观相似的婆罗洲柯巴树脂和缅甸琥珀,马达加斯加柯巴树脂和波罗的海琥珀进行红外光谱的对比分析,揭示了婆罗洲和马达加斯加柯巴树脂的红外光谱特征,并为快速区分外观相似的柯巴树脂与琥珀提供科学依据。结合前人研究,认为红外光谱在不同产地柯巴树脂的分类及外观相似的柯巴树脂和琥珀的快速鉴别提供了重要的科学依据。     

塑料复制光栅研究

本文介绍塑料溶液流延技术复制光栅,用于灯具、电扇、舞台等,成本廉价、工艺简便、适于批量生产,为全息光栅在民用领域中推广具有广泛应用价值。     

人参叶总皂苷大孔树脂分离纯化工艺的近红外光谱在线监测模型及其含量测定

利用近红外(NIR)光谱技术研究并建立可在线监测人参叶皂苷类成分的大孔树脂分离纯化工艺的方法。建立人参皂苷Rg₁,Re和Rb₁的高效液相色谱(HPLC)含量测定方法,收集人参叶提取物的40%乙醇大孔树脂洗脱液,采集其近红外光谱信息,并用已建立的HPLC法测定其中人参皂苷Rg₁,Re和Rb₁的含量,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立上述三种成分及人参总皂苷的定量分析模型。建模过程中,以决定系数(R2),交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为指标,确定用于建模的最优近红外波段和光谱预处理方法,结果表明人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁及人参总皂苷模型的最佳建模波段均为12 000.8~7 499.8 cm-1,R2分别为0.988 7,0.960 3,0.990 5和0.970 1,RMSECV分别为0.059 7,0.072 2,0.004 88和0.075 5。将1个批次的人参叶提取物大孔树脂分离纯化工艺样品用于验证人参总皂苷定量分析模型的预测性能,总皂苷的NIR预测值和HPLC测定值的相关系数为0.992 8,平均预测回收率为100.52%,表明所建的模型预测效果良好。该法快速、简便、准确,可用于生产工艺过程中人参总皂苷的含量测定和质量控制。     

脂松香、石炭酸松香树脂和马林酸松香树脂的红外光谱剖析及鉴别

本文对脂松香、石炭酸松香树脂和马林酸松香树脂的红外光谱剖析及鉴别，方法快速，简便，准确。     

离子交换富集-导数火焰原子吸收法测定自来水中Cu,Fe和Zn

本文研究了用 2 0 1× 7阳离子交换树脂对自来水中的微量元素进行交换富集 ,采用微量脉冲进样 导数火焰原子吸收法测定富集后溶液中的Cu ,Fe和Zn ,该方法灵敏度分别为 0 2 9,0 5 9和 0 0 6 μg·L- 1 ,精密度分别为 4 2 8% ,1 95 %和 2 2 8% ,检测限分别为 1 2 8,5 85和 0 6 8μg·L- 1 ,回收率分别为 91 13% ,10 1 34%和99 84 % ,本方法大大减少了需样量 ,简便快速 ,灵敏度高。     

Zum Mischen rheologisch inhomogener Stoffsysteme auf Einschneckenmaschinen

Zusammenfassung Das Mischen von Stoffen mit unterschiedlichen rheologischen Eigenschaften in Schneckenmaschinen ist in der Kunststoffauf- und -verarbeitung eine Standardaufgabe. Trotzdem gibt es hierfür kein zufriedenstellendes mathematisch-physikalisches Modell. Daher werden zunächst einfache Mischmodelle diskutiert. Auf der Basis dieser Modelle wird dann unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten des Plastifizierextruderprozesses eine Mischgütebeziehung mathematisch formuliert. Die experimentelle Überprüfung erfolgt mit Hilfe der Grauwertanalyse extrudierter Zweistoffsysteme, bei denen ein Stoff mit Ruß eingefärbt war. Da der Mischprozeß hochgradig stochastisch ist, streuen die Meßergebnisse. Unter Berücksichtigung dieses Tatbestandes ist der theoretische Ansatz zufriedenstellend.

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Mixing of polymer resins with different rheological properties is a usual demand in plastics processing using screw extruders. A mathematical model describing this processing problem sufficiently is not known, however. Therefore, simple mixing models will be discussed. Based on these, a concept for the calculation of mixing homogeneity will be presented, including the particular requirement of the plasticating screw process. An experimental investigation utilizes the grey-value analysis of extruded two-component materials, which in one phase is carbon-black filled. Considering the fact that the mixing process is highly random, the theoretical model leads to a good level of aggreement with the scattering measurement data.

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b Schneckenkanalbreite - B Bandbreite der Grauwerte - c Konstante - mittlere Konzentration, bezogen auf die Grauwertbandbreite - h Höhe, Gangtiefe, Schneckenkanalhöhe - h ₀ Gangtiefe der Einzugszone - h ₁ Gangtiefe der Ausstoßzone - L Länge - gemittelte Schmelzebettlänge - n Exponent des Potenzfließgesetzes - s Standardabweichung der Grauwerte bezogen auf die Grauwertbandbreite - S Standardabweichung der Grauwerte - t Verweilzeit - t ₁ kürzeste Verweilzeit - mittlere Verweilzeit - ₀ Umfangsgeschwindigkeit - mittlere Geschwindigkeit - V Volumenstrom - w Dicke eines Kontrollelements - w Ausstreichdicke eines Kontrollelements - x Koordinate - Mittelwert der Grauwerte - y Koordinate - Scherdeformationswinkel - Scherdeformation - mittlere Scherdeformation - Schergeschwindigkeit - Viskosität - ₁ dimensionslose kürzeste Verweilzeit - dimensionsloser Volumenstrom - _LSM laminarer Schermischgrad - _{LSM, the} theoretischer laminarer Schermischgrad - _{LSM, exp} experimenteller laminarer Schermischgrad - ² Varianz der Verweilzeit im Schmelzebett - Schubspannung - Gangsteigungswinkel der Schnecke - ø Volumenanteil - dimensionslose Kennzahl     

天然水中微量稀土元素镧的流动注射在线预浓集ICP光谱法测定

本文采用P507萃淋树脂为固定相,应用流动注射(FI)在线预浓集技术,建立了镧的ICP发射光谱分析方法,对天然水中的微量镧进行了测定,获得满意结果。     

The Mechanical Properties,Compatibility, and Thermal Stabilities of POE-Graft-Methyl Methacrylate and Acrylonitrile(POE-g-MAN)/ Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN Resin) Blends

POE-graft-methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile (POE-g-MAN) was prepared by graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto polyethylene-octene copolymers (POE) with suspension polymerization. POE-g-MAN/SAN resin blends (AOMS) were prepared by blending POE-g-MAN with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN resin). The mechanical properties, compatibility, and thermal stabilities of AOMS were studied. The notched impact strength of the blends reached 54.0 kJ/m² when the AN/(MMA + AN) ratio (f_AN) of POE-g-MAN, benzoyl peroxide dosage, and POE content in AOMS were 15 wt%, 1.0 wt%, and 25 wt%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the highest toughness occurred when the size of POE-g-MAN particles and the surface-to-surface inter-particle distance were proper. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the AOMS fracture surface had plastic flow visible, which looked like a fibril morphology when the AN/(MMA + AN) ratio (f_AN) of POE-g-MAN was 15 wt%. The toughening mechanism of AOMS was shear yielding of the matrix, which endowed AOMS with remarkable toughness. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that the compatibility of the POE phase and SAN phase improved after graft copolymerization of MMA and AN onto POE. When the grafting chain polarity was appropriate, the miscibility between POE-g-MAN and SAN resin was the best. Thermogravimetry analysis showed that thermal stability of AOMS increased with increasing AN units in POE-g-MAN.     

Performance and Mechanism of Epoxy Resin for Reinforcement of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber

Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates reinforced by epoxy resin (EP) have been synthesized by an in-situ vulcanization and curing process. The influences of synthetic parameters, such as the contents of EP, carbon black, and types of compatilizers, on the microstructures, vulcanization, and mechanical properties of SBR have been investigated. It was found that EP in SBR exists in the form of a fibrillar interpenetrating network, which is important for the enhancement of mechanical properties of SBR. The experimental results showed that when the percentage of EP was in the range of 10–20%, the composite materials had the best comprehensive performance. In comparison with pure SBR, the tear strength and the tensile stress at 300% elongation of SBR-EP composite were increased significantly. The method can be applicable for other rubber vulcanizates to improve their mechanical properties.