基于叶片光学属性的作物叶片水分含量反演模型研究

叶片含水量是反映作物生理特性的一个重要参数, 对生态环境的研究具有重要意义。采用小波分析方法, 分析叶片含水量对反射率的影响特征, 建立综合利用多波段信息的作物叶片水分含量反演模型。基于PROSPECT模型的辐射传输理论, 推导出由叶片反射率光谱的小波系数反演叶片水分含量CW的理论模型。利用六种常用的小波函数, 对叶片组分水、干物质和白化基本层的吸收光谱进行小波分解。选取对水分变化最敏感, 同时对其他组分不敏感的分解尺度和波段位置, 找到能稳定突出水的光谱特征的小波系数。结果表明: bior1.5小波函数在尺度为200 nm, 波段位置为1 405和1 488 nm的小波系数具有上述特征。建立由叶片反射率光谱的bior1.5小波系数反演叶片水分含量CW的反演模型, 模型有两个转换系数a和Δ都受叶片结构参数N的影响。利用PROSPECT模型生成模拟光谱数据集, 校正建立的叶片水分含量反演模型中的两个转换系数a和Δ, 并与LOPEX93实验光谱数据集结合验证反演模型。结果表明: 反演模型不仅比传统基于植被指数的统计模型在精度上有提高(反演值与实测值的R2最高达到0.987), 而且更加稳定, 普适性更高。研究表明, 小波分析方法在利用高光谱数据反演作物叶片水分含量方面具有独特的优势。     

Inversion of visible optical extinction data for spheroid particle size distribution based on PCA

The problem of light scattering properties of spheroid particles is studied, and a general approach is presented for calculating the single particle light scattering of spheroids. In this approach, the extinction efficiency of spheroid particles can be calculated by combining the spline interpolation of T matrix method and ADA (anomalous diffraction approximation) theory. Furthermore, the retrieval of spheroid particle size distribution is performed in the dependent mode and a selection method about the optical extinction data is proposed based on PCA (principle component analysis) of first derivative corresponding to the raw optical extinction. By calculating the contribution rate of first derivative corresponding to the raw optical extinction, the optical extinction with more significant features can be selected as the inversion optical extinction data. In this way, the selected optical extinction has less information redundancy and higher capacity of resisting noise disturbance. Simulation experiments indicate that the spheroid particle size distributions obtained with the proposed method coincide fairly well with the given distributions, which provides a simple, reliable and efficient method to retrieve the spheroid particle size distribution using the optical extinction data.     

Physical analysis on improving the recovery accuracy of the Earth’s gravity field by a combination of satellite observations in along-track and cross-track directions

The physical investigations on the accuracy improvement to the measurement of the Earth＇s gravity field recovery are carried out based on the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation in this paper. Firstly, the Earth＇s gravity field complete up to degree and order 100 is, respectively, recovered by the collinear and pendulum satellite formations using the orbital parameters of the satellite and the matching accuracies of key payloads from the twin GRACE satellites. The research results show that the accuracy of the Earth＇s gravity field model from the Pendulum-A/B satellite formation is about two times higher than from the collinear satellite formation, and the further improvement of the determination accuracy of the Earth＇s gravity field model is feasible by the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation. Secondly, the Earth＇s gravity field from Pendulum-A/B complete up to degree and order 100 is accurately recovered based on the orbital parameters of the satellite （e.g., an orbital altitude of 400 km, an intersatellite range of 100 km, an orbital inclination of 89° and an orbital eccentricity of 0.001）, the matching accuracies of space- borne instruments （e.g. 10-6 m in the intersatellite range, 10-3 m in the orbital position, 10-6 m/s in orbital velocity, and 10-11 m/s2 in non-conservative force）, an observation time of 30 days and a sampling interval of 10 s. The measurement accuracy of the Earth＇s gravity field from the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation is full of promise for being improved by about l0 times compared with that from the current GRACE satellite formation. Finally, the physical requirements for the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation are analyzed, and it is proposed that the satellite orbital altitude be preferably designed to be close to 400±50 km and the matching precision of key sensors from the Pendulum-A/B mission be about one order of magnitude higher tha     

Automatic twin vessel recrystallizer. Effective purification of acetaminophen by successive automatic recrystallization and absolute determination of purity by DSC

I describe an interchangeable twin vessel (J, N) automatic glass recrystallizer that eliminates the time-consuming recovery and recycling of crystals for repeated recrystallization. The sample goes in the dissolution vessel J containing a magnetic stir-bar K; J is clamped to the upper joint H of recrystallizer body D. Empty crystallization vessel N is clamped to the lower joint M. Pure solvent is delivered to the dissolution vessel and the crystallization vessel via the head of the condenser A. Crystallization vessel is heated (P). The dissolution reservoir is stirred and heated by the solvent vapor (F). Continuous outflow of filtrate E out of J keeps N at a stable boiling temperature. This results in efficient dissolution, evaporation and separation of pure crystals Q. Pure solvent in the dissolution reservoir is recovered by suction. Empty dissolution and crystallization vessels are detached. Stirrer magnet is transferred to the crystallization vessel and the role of the vessels are then reversed. Evacuating mother liquor out of the upper twin vessel, the apparatus unit is ready for the next automatic recrystallization by refilling twin vessels with pure solvent. We show successive automatic recrystallization of acetaminophen from diethyl ether obtaining acetaminophen of higher melting temperatures than USP and JP reference standards by 8× automatic recrystallization, 96% yield at each stage. Also, I demonstrate a novel approach to the determination of absolute purity by combining the successive automatic recrystallization with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement requiring no reference standards. This involves the measurement of the criterial melting temperature T₀ corresponding to the 100% pure material and quantitative ΔT in DSC based on the van’t Hoff law of melting point depression. The purity of six commercial acetaminophen samples and reference standards and an eight times recrystallized product evaluated were 98.8 mol%, 97.9 mol%, 99.1 mol%, 98.3 mol%, 98.4 mol%, 98.5 mol% and 99.3 mol% respectively.     

Diastereoselective synthesis of the 19-epi-C18-C25 segment of (−)-lasonolide A and an unusual inversion at C19

Diastereoselective construction of the 19-epi-C₁₈-C₂₅ segment of (−)-lasonolide A was achieved using a 5-exo-trigonal mode of radical cyclization for the creation of the contiguous quaternary and tertiary stereogenic centers at C₂₂ and C₂₃ as the key reaction step. During the dehydration stage, it was found that an unusual inversion of configuration took place.     

双子佯谬与星际航行

计算了在两个假想的星际航行方案中,与"双子佯谬"相关的时间差别.这种差别体现了惯性与非惯性参考系经历的时间有绝对差异,而不再是"相对"效应.     

高斯光束在偏硼酸钡单晶和孪晶中的倍频现象

理论探讨了高斯光束在非线性单轴晶体中的倍频效应。基于麦克斯韦方程组并考虑晶体的各向异性推导出负单轴I型晶体相位匹配下的倍频耦合波方程组。建立了具体的关于偏硼酸钡（BBO）单晶以及孪晶的物理模型并做数值求解。对求解所得到的单晶以及孪晶的谐波能流分布、晶体出射面探测点处谐波电场时域分布、总输出能量、输出光束频谱和输入光束角谱分别进行分析讨论,从束腰宽度、晶体结构以及材料性质对倍频的影响等方面做出具体合理的解释。研究结果对于单轴晶体的非线性光学性质的研究以及相应的光学晶体器件的研发等具有一定的参考价值。     

Single Production of Top Quark via e-γ Collision in Left-Right Twin Higgs Model

In the context of the left-right twin Higgs （LRTH） model, we fist study single production of the standard model （SM） top quark via e-γ collisions. We find that the corrections of the LRTH model to the cross section of the process e-γ→vebt might be observed only for f ≤750 GeV and the heavy top quark mass scale M ≥500 GeV in future high energy linear e^＋e^- collider （LC） experiment with the center-of-mass （CM） energy √s = 500 GeV and a yearly integrated luminosity of ￡ = 100 fb^-1. We also consider single production of the heavy top quark T via e-γ collisions. Our numerical results show that the possible signals of the heavy top quark T might be observed via the decay channel T →Ф^＋b→tbb in future LC experiment with √s = 3 TeV and ￡ = 500 fb^-1.