Proficiency testing in analytical chemistry, microbiology, and laboratory medicine – working group discussions on current status, problems, and future directions

Working group (WG) discussions on proficiency testing (PT) held at the joint Eurachem/ EQALM workshop, Borås, Sweden, 24–26 September 2000 are summarized. The discussions focused on aspects of PT and accreditation (WG 1), general aspects of PT in analytical chemistry (WG 2), microbiology (WG 3), and laboratory medicine (WG 4), incorporation of measurement uncertainty into PT schemes (WG 5), international harmonization of PT schemes (WG 6), and the role of PT in the international structure of chemical measurement (WG 7). Current status, problems and future directions are identified. Each WG contained a majority of participants experienced in the subject being covered by that WG, and a few participants with different expertise. This was done to promote cross-fertilization of ideas between sectors, a key objective of the workshop. The WG issues reflected the content of the keynote lectures and some issues were covered from different perspectives by more than one group.     

以天之语 解物之道

联合国已宣布2009年为国际天文年, 以纪念伽利略开始用望远镜观测天体400周年.作者将400年望远镜和相关技术的发展分为四个里程碑,讲述了它们的出现和随后的发展;介绍了中国已完成的和正在研制中的望远镜,作者支持未来10年中国再上三个大项目; 作者紧密联系天文学和物理学上的重大学说总结了400年天文学的主要成就;作者赞同未来研究的重点应是暗物质和暗能量,尤其是暗能量的研究.     

确定选修课程开设量上限值的情感性概率模型与演示

本文为探讨实行学分制高校所关心的“关于选修课程的开设量问题”,在充分考虑情感因素的重要作用基点上 ,建立了一个方便操作、符合实际的情感性概率模型 .     

The efficiency effects of a single market for financial services in Europe

This paper examines the potential efficiency effects of a single market for financial services in Europe. The topics covered include universal banking, the merger and acquisition process itself, cross-border ownership and management of financial institutions, and the effects of consolidation of financial institutions on the supply of relationship lending services to informationally opaque small businesses. The research reviewed here suggests that the creation of a single market for the European financial services industry is not likely to bring about strong efficiency gains and that cross-border efficiency barriers may prevent the single market from becoming a reality.     

FROM “TEACHERS TEACH” TO “STUDENTS LEARN”

在强调素质教育的今天,“以学生为中心”的教育理念已逐渐成为共识。培养学生自主学习的意识、兴趣和方法是这一理念的重要部分。而要实现从传统的被动式的“教师教”到主动式的“学生学”,是高校教师和学生共同面对的挑战。同济大学教学质量管理办公室和教师发展中心多次召开专题讨论会,以探寻实现“学生为中心”教学的可行方法。部分学生习惯了“灌输式”教学固然是“学生主动学”难以实施的原因之一,课堂教学没有吸引力也是教师们应该特别注意改进的。设计以学生学习能力培养为基准的评价体系以提高学生学和教师教的积极性、适当引进“同伴教”以取代全面“灌输式”教学、设计更具挑战性的无标准答案问题等都是有效提高学生学习主动性和积极性的措施。     

International linear collider simulations using BDSIM

Power loss simulations for the 2, 14, and 20 mrad extraction line designs using the BDSIM toolkit are presented. A preliminary study on the backgrounds from the beam losses along the extraction line in the case of 20 mrad with high luminosity parameters is also given.      

Polymer characterization by thermal evolution techniques

Thermal evolution techniques continuously monitor materials thermally evolved from a sample on controlled heating. Either stepwise detection of such volatiles as a function of temperature or time, or quantitative measurement and identification of these materials provides very useful information. Transducers include vacuum gauges, electrochemical devices, thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors, etc. These techniques have shown promise in studies of thermal stability and degradation mechanism, analysis of trace impurities and additives, and elucidation of polymer structures. Other applications are in the areas of vapor pressure measurement and toxicity studies of constituents in polymer systems.     

THE SIZE OF FARSIGHTED STABLE COALITIONS IN A GAME OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT

Abstract The game theoretical analysis of international environmental problems has received increasing attention in recent years. Major issues are as follows. Under which conditions will an international environmental agreement (IEA) be signed? Will the agreement be stable? Game theory has given different answers to these questions; in particular, it is possible to show that if countries are myopic then only small stable coalitions occur, but if they are farsighted then both large and small stable coalitions exist. This paper studies the size of a farsighted stable IEA by considering a quadratic cost function in a pollution abatement model. Following Rubio and Ulph [2006] , we consider both the case of non‐negative emissions as well as the case of unrestricted ones.     

第40届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题简介

第40届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验部分由利用刀片锐边的衍射测量激光波长和测量云母片的双折射量2个光学实验组成.本文较全面地介绍了试题内容和解答,并在必要时作了简短评论.