Proper generating trees and their internal path length

We find the generating function counting the total internal path length of any proper generating tree. This function is expressed in terms of the functions (d(t),h(t)) defining the associated proper Riordan array. This result is important in the theory of Riordan arrays and has several combinatorial interpretations.     

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of β-haloalkenyl chalcogenides by addition of dichalcogenides to internal alkynes and its application to synthesis of (Z)-tamoxifen

A copper-catalyzed synthesis of β-haloalkenyl sulfides or selenides was carried out by addition of dichalcogenides and tetrabutylammonium halides to internal alkynes. The present reaction anti- and regio-selectively afforded the corresponding alkenyl chalocogenides, and took advantage of both organochalcogenide-groups on dichalcogenide. Furthermore, the reaction under oxygen atmosphere could employ thiols. The use of the procedure could easily synthesize (Z)-tamoxifen from diphenyl acetylene in three steps.     

Rhodium(III)-catalysed,redox-neutral C(sp2)-H alkenylation using pivalimide as a directing group with internal alkynes

In the presence of [RhCp¹Cl₂]₂, N-pivaloyl anilines react with internal alkynes to give the corresponding 2-alkenylpivalimides under redox neutral conditions through C-H activation. This redox neutral hydroarylation, which does not require an external organic acid, unlocks a regioselective synthetic route to 2-alkenyl anilines and is generally applicable to diversely substituted electron rich and electron poor pivalimides.     

牛油果中化学成分的内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱检测

采用内部萃取电喷雾电离质谱(iEESI-MS)技术,以甲醇作为萃取溶剂,无需样品预处理,在优化条件下分别对牛油果果肉和果皮中化学成分进行快速直接鉴定,并考察了不同成熟度牛油果果肉中化学成分的差异.实验结果表明,在负离子检测模式下,从果肉中鉴定出棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、油酸和亚麻酸等12种有效营养成分,从果皮中鉴定出儿茶素、绿原酸等11种营养成分.利用正交偏最小二乘判别分析法(OPLS-DA)对不同成熟度的牛油果果肉的iEESI-MS指纹谱图数据进行分析发现,此方法能够有效判别不同成熟程度的牛油果且5种化学成分差异显著.本方法无需样品预处理、样品耗量少、分析速度快(单个样品检测时间小于1 min)且操作简便,为植物有效营养成分和医用价值的开发提供了一种快速质谱分析新方法.     

基于内滤效应的YVO4∶Eu荧光纳米探针测定色氨酸

采用溶剂热法合成了发光性能和水溶性良好的YVO4∶Eu纳米探针(YVO4∶Eu NPs).由于YVO4∶Eu NPs的激发光谱与色氨酸的吸收光谱有很大程度的重叠,二者可发生荧光内滤效应,其中色氨酸为吸光体、YVO4∶Eu NPs为荧光体,YVO4∶Eu NPs的发光被猝灭.基于此,建立了基于YVO4∶Eu NPs内滤效应测定色氨酸含量的方法.对YVO4∶Eu NPs的加入量、反应溶液pH值和反应时间进行了优化,在最佳反应条件下,本方法测定色氨酸的线性范围为4.0×10-6~4.0×10-4 mol/L,检出限为1.0 ×10-6 mol/L(3σ).采用本方法测定了酱油中色氨酸的含量,回收率为95.2%和97.3%.本方法具有简便快速、灵敏准确的特点.     

Exploring Si/Mg composite supported Ziegler-Natta Ti-based catalysts for propylene polymerization

A series of(Si_O2/MgO/ID/MgCl_2)·TiClx Ziegler-Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization has been prepared with a new method. These catalysts were synthesized using soluble Mg-compounds as the Mg-source and the preparation progress was relatively simple. The catalyst could copy the spherical shape of the carrier very well. The propylene polymerization results showed that the catalyst revealed the best activity with 9,9-di(methoxymethyl)fluorene(BMMF) as internal donor at 50 °C with the optimal molar ratio Al/Ti = 5, which was much lower than what the industrial polypropylene catalyst used(at least molar ratio Al/Ti = 100), resulting in great cost saving. Additionally, the polymerization kinetics of the catalyst exhibited very stable property after achieving a relatively high value. These catalysts possessed rather high activity and good hydrogen response. The isotactic index(Ⅱ.) value of the PP products could be higher than 98% in the presence of both internal and external electron donors. Moreover, temperature rising elution fractionation method was used to understand the influence of donors and H2 on the properties of the PP products.     

Two-to-one resonant multi-modal dynamics of horizontal/inclined cables. Part II: Internal resonance activation,reduced-order models and nonlinear normal modes

Resonant multi-modal dynamics due to planar 2:1 internal resonances in the non-linear, finite-amplitude, free vibrations of horizontal/inclined cables are parametrically investigated based on the second-order multiple scales solution in Part I [1] (in press). The already validated kinematically non-condensed cable model accounts for the effects of both non-linear dynamic extensibility and system asymmetry due to inclined sagged configurations. Actual activation of 2:1 resonances is discussed, enlightening on a remarkable qualitative difference of horizontal/inclined cables as regards non-linear orthogonality properties of normal modes. Based on the analysis of modal contribution and solution convergence of various resonant cables, hints are obtained on proper reduced-order model selections from the asymptotic solution accounting for higher-order effects of quadratic nonlinearities. The dependence of resonant dynamics on coupled vibration amplitudes, and the significant effects of cable sag, inclination and extensibility on system non-linear behavior are highlighted, along with meaningful contributions of longitudinal dynamics. The spatio-temporal variation of non-linear dynamic configurations and dynamic tensions associated with 2:1 resonant non-linear normal modes is illustrated. Overall, the analytical predictions are validated by finite difference-based numerical investigations of the original partial-differential equations of motion.     

A 3D model of the cyclic thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys

The model in the first part of this paper is extended to account for SMA behavior under cyclic loading. To this end, three new state variables are introduced: internal stress B, residual strain ?_r and cumulated martensite volume fraction z_e. Several parameters of the extended model depend on z_e, making them evolve with cyclic phase change. Cyclic SMA effects including training and two-way shape memory are accounted for and several numerical simulations are provided and validated in the case of cyclic superelasticity.     

Development and Validation of Hierarchical Models for the Design of Engine Control Strategies

The development of mathematical models for the design of controlstrategies for spark ignition automotive engines is described. The objectiveof the models, used for both simulation and optimization analysis, is theprediction of the effects of control strategies on fuel consumption andemissions of a vehicle over arbitrary driving cycles. In order to achievethe best compromise between precision, experimental costs, computationaltime and flexibility, a mixed modelling approach is used, withphenomenological and input-output models integrated within a hierarchicalsystem.Mean value models have been used to describe the most significant dynamiceffects: (i) air flow. (ii) two phases fuel flow in the intake manifold, and(iii) thermal flow in the cylinder walls. Stochastic effects due to sensorsand actuators can be also predicted.Two-zone and multizone thermodynamic models for the prediction ofpressure cycle sub-models for engine emissions (HC, CO, andNO _x and mechanical losses have been developed. Experimentaldesign techniques are also under development to optimize the interactionsbetween experimental analysis and models. Most of the models have beenintegrated in a computer code, used by a major automotive supplier.