一种新型绿松石仿制品的谱学特征研究

近年来,一种绿松石的伴生石矿物作为绿松石仿制品在市场上出现,被称为“紫罗兰”、“白水牛”等,日益受到消费者的欢迎。通过常规宝石学基本测试及X射线荧光光谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线粉晶衍射仪、扫描电镜、紫外-可见光分光光度计等测试技术,对市场上这种称做绿松石伴生石的玉石进行了化学成分、矿物组成、微观结构和光谱特征的综合测试分析,并对其呈色机制进行了探讨。X射线荧光光谱显示样品的化学成分较复杂, 不同颜色的样品所含元素基本一致,主要有Ca,Al,P,Cu,Si,K,Fe和Ba等元素;根据样品红外光谱的峰位及强度可以推断样品所含的阴离子团主要是PO3-₄;由样品的X射线粉晶衍射可推断该玉石主要矿物为纤磷钙铝石、磷钙铝石;扫描电镜显示样品致密,由无数鳞片状、叶片状及不规则粒状集合体组成;通过对可见光吸收光谱的分析,推测样品是由Fe3+离子中的电子跃迁致色,Fe3+含量不同导致样品颜色不同。     

透辉石翡翠的成核和生长

 详细地研究了在4.0 GPa下，晶化时间为60 min，由非晶态玻璃转化成透辉石翡翠的晶化过程中，温度参数对人工透辉石翡翠的硬度和结晶度的影响。要使合成的透辉石翡翠的硬度达到天然翡翠的硬度，并且非晶态玻璃相全部结晶成透辉石翡翠，晶化温度不能低于1 400 ℃。此外，利用SEM研究了透辉石翡翠的晶体生长情况和晶粒编织情况，并就其成核与生长进行了讨论。本实验发现高温有利于透辉石翡翠形成均质结构，晶粒纤维更有序、粗壮、编织紧密。     

Process Spillovers and Growth

This paper develops an R&D based endogenous growth model in which the firm’s free-riding behavior, prompted by an incomplete technological protection at the industry level, can drive economic growth. Unlike existing endogenous growth models, it shows how free-riding behavior and process spillovers can mutually promote dynamic competition at the industry level and how they constitute a major source of growth in the economy. In the dynamic general equilibrium model that we propose, the representative industry is a duopoly that consists of a leader who innovates and a laggard who freerides by exploiting the source of intraindustry spillover. The main results show that the innovation strategies of the two firms can be dynamically strategic complements if a large technology gap prevails and that a fall in the level of technological protection can enhance economic growth. This paper is a substantially revised version of a chapter of S. Luckraz’s Ph.D. thesis. He thanks Julian Wright for his encouragement and helpful suggestions. The paper has also benefited from the comments of Jie Zhang, Mark Donoghue and Ho Kong Weng. The author is also grateful to T.L. Vincent and three anonymous referees for their comments.     

一类绿松石仿制品的宝石学特征研究

绿松石的仿制品由来已久,早期主要以染色压制碳酸盐为主,后期陆续出现天然矿物的绿松石仿制品,如染色磷铝石、染色玉髓以及染色菱镁矿等,这些仿制品普遍不具有天然绿松石的颜色和结构特征,物理和光学性质与天然绿松石也有较大差异。选取市场上新出现的一类绿松石仿制品为研究对象,采用常规宝石学测试方法、红外吸收光谱及X射线粉晶衍射重点对其矿物组成、宝石学性质以及结构特征进行了研究。研究结果表明：该类绿松石仿制品表面可见角砾状构造,铁线浮于表面,分布形态单一,蓝色样品上可见明显的深蓝色颗粒,白色样品上见少量黑色点状物质,为典型的压制处理特征,蓝色绿松石仿制品则经染色压制处理。此类绿松石仿制品折射率在1.54～1.58,较天然绿松石低并具明显的蓝白色紫外荧光,可作为鉴别其与天然绿松石差异的重要证据。X射线粉晶衍射说明该类绿松石仿制品主要由顽火辉石与石英组成。红外吸收光谱显示该类绿松石仿制品的吸收谱峰主要表现为顽火辉石的典型吸收光谱,在1 088和799 cm-1附近的吸收峰则与石英中的Si—O和Si—O—Si伸缩振动有关;2 947和2 882 cm-1附近的吸收峰与外来的有机树脂中CH₂的伸缩振动有关,1 736和1 510 cm-1附近的吸收峰,则由CO伸缩振动和CH₂的弯曲振动所致。     

Three-option evolutionary minority game on small-world network

In this paper, we study the three-option evolutionary minority game with imitation on small-world networks. Numerical results show that the performance of the system depends on the ways of modifying the gene values as well as the points awarded to the agents belonging to the intermediate populated group. Better cooperation can be obtained through local communication within the agents.     

红外光谱在仿古玉石鉴定中的应用

采用常规宝石学研究方法和红外吸收光谱技术,对市场上常见的仿古玉石进行了研究。红外吸收光谱测试结果表明:市场上常见的仿古玉石,主要为软玉(和田玉)、岫玉和石英质玉石组成。不同种类的仿古玉石,其红外吸收光谱特征存在着明显的差异:软玉在996、463cm-1附近;岫玉在1047、471cm-1附近,并在3665cm-1附近有明显的水的吸收峰;石英质玉石在1106、481cm-1附近。通过红外吸收光谱的测定和分析,可以准确鉴定仿古玉石的玉石品种。     

Importance of positive feedbacks and overconfidence in a self-fulfilling Ising model of financial markets

Following a long tradition of physicists who have noticed that the Ising model provides a general background to build realistic models of social interactions, we study a model of financial price dynamics resulting from the collective aggregate decisions of agents. This model incorporates imitation, the impact of external news and private information. It has the structure of a dynamical Ising model in which agents have two opinions (buy or sell) with coupling coefficients, which evolve in time with a memory of how past news have explained realized market returns. We study two versions of the model, which differ on how the agents interpret the predictive power of news. We show that the stylized facts of financial markets are reproduced only when agents are overconfident and mis-attribute the success of news to predict return to herding effects, thereby providing positive feedbacks leading to the model functioning close to the critical point. Our model exhibits a rich multifractal structure characterized by a continuous spectrum of exponents of the power law relaxation of endogenous bursts of volatility, in good agreement with previous analytical predictions obtained with the multifractal random walk model and with empirical facts.     

ICP—OES测定饰品中砷、镉、汞、铅总量的不确定度评定

在用ICP-OES检测重金属含量过程中,含量在仪器检出限以上的得出正值结果,在仪器检出限以下的往往会产生一些负值观测结果,对饰品中铅、镉、汞、砷总量测定过程产生的正值、负值观测结果（As：-9mg／kg;Cd：46mg／kg;Hg：-4mg／kg;Pb：81mg／kg）进行了不确定度评定,最后结合样品检出限给出报告为As：小于37mg／kg;Hg：小于48mg／kg;Cd：（46±4）mg／kg（k=2）;Pb：（81±8）mg／kg（k=2）。