改进的傅里叶域小波域联合去模糊算法

傅里叶域与小波域的联合去模糊算法在低噪声时具有优越的恢复效果,但是这种联合去模糊算法并不适用于含噪声的模糊图像.为了解决这一问题,本文将先验约束分别引入傅里叶域的去模糊步骤和小波域的去噪步骤.在傅里叶域,用矩阵形式表示目标函数.对目标函数添加平滑约束并且通过噪声水平和模糊图像高频信息计算得到平滑约束项的滤波系数.同样方式,在小波域对小波域目标函数添加能量约束,实现小波域目标函数的正则化过程.分析傅里叶域的噪声放大程度,通过傅里叶域的滤波系数计算得到小波域能量约束的滤波系数.傅里叶域的平滑约束可以抑制滤波过程中噪声的产生,小波域的能量约束可以提高小波域滤波的鲁棒性.仿真实验表明,改进的算法相比于原始算法具有更好的鲁棒性,可以有效提高图像的恢复质量.对于噪声标准差为0.010.1的模糊图像,改进算法恢复图像峰值信噪比比原始算法恢复图像的峰值信噪比高1左右.并且改进算法对于高斯型点扩散函数误差具有鲁棒性,当点扩散函数估计方差与实际方差相差0.4时,改进算法的恢复效果仍优于原始算法.     

基于多特征的快速红外弱小目标检测算法

为了从全向红外搜索和跟踪系统采集的海量大视场高分辨率红外图像中快速准确地检测出红外弱小目标,本文提出了一种基于由粗到细的分阶段检测策略和时空域特征融合的红外弱小目标检测算法.首先,通过引入基于频域的快速显著性检测算法预先检测出目标可能存在的候选区域;其次,对候选区域进行角点检测以判定是否存在候选目标;最后,通过结合帧间时空域特征对候选目标进行进一步判定,以提取真实目标、删除虚假目标.多种实际场景的实验结果表明,该目标检测算法不仅运算量小而且探测概率高、虚警率低,是一种工程实用性能很好的红外弱小目标检测算法.     

Milestones in electron crystallography

Electron crystallography determines the structure of membrane embedded proteins in the two-dimensionally crystallized state by cryo-transmission electron microscopy imaging and computer structure reconstruction. Milestones on the path to the structure are high-level expression, purification of functional protein, reconstitution into two-dimensional lipid membrane crystals, high-resolution imaging, and structure determination by computer image processing. Here we review the current state of these methods. We also created an Internet information exchange platform for electron crystallography, where guidelines for imaging and data processing method are maintained. The server (http://2dx.org) provides the electron crystallography community with a central information exchange platform, which is structured in blog and Wiki form, allowing visitors to add comments or discussions. It currently offers a detailed step-by-step introduction to image processing with the MRC software program. The server is also a repository for the 2dx software package, a user-friendly image processing system for 2D membrane protein crystals.     

How does distortion correction correlate with anisotropic indices? A diffusion tensor imaging study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine a suitable registration algorithm for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using conventional preprocessing tools [statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and automated image registration (AIR)] and to investigate how anisotropic indices for clinical assessments are affected by these distortion corrections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brain DTI data from 15 normal healthy volunteers were used to evaluate four spatial registration schemes within subjects to correct image distortions: noncorrection, SPM-based affine registration, AIR-based affine registration and AIR-based nonlinear polynomial warping. The performance of each distortion correction was assessed using: (a) quantitative parameters: tensor-fitting error (Ef), mean dispersion index (MDI), mean fractional anisotropy (MFA) and mean variance (MV) within 11 regions of interest (ROI) defined from homogeneous fiber bundles; and (b) fiber tractography through the uncinate fasciculus and the corpus callosum. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated to demonstrate the effects of distortion correction. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to investigate differences among the four registration paradigms. RESULTS: AIR-based nonlinear registration showed the best performance for reducing image distortions with respect to smaller Ef (P<.02), MDI (P<.01) and MV (P<.01) with larger MFA (P<.01). FA was decreased to correct distortions (P<.0001) whether the applied registration was linear or nonlinear and was lowest after nonlinear correction (P<.001). No significant differences were found in MD. CONCLUSION: In conventional DTI processing, anisotropic indices of FA can be misestimated by noncorrection or inappropriate distortion correction, which leads to an erroneous increase in FA. AIR-based nonlinear distortion correction would be required for a more accurate measurement of this diffusion parameter.     

Rationalization and the Gray index of phantom maps

In this paper we study a homotopy invariant of phantom maps called the Gray index. We give a new interpretation of the Gray index of a phantom map f:X→Y, in terms of the rationalization of X. We use this interpretation, in order to detect phantom maps of a specific Gray index. Finally, we examine the set of phantom maps with infinite Gray index in a tower theoretic way.     

Split Bregman iteration algorithm for total bounded variation regularization based image deblurring

Many existing algorithms taking the seminorm in BV(Ω) for regularization have achieved great success in image processing. However, this paper considers the total bounded variation regularization based approach to perform image deblurring. Based on this novel model, we introduce an extended split Bregman iteration to obtain the optimum solution quickly. We also provide the rigorous convergence analysis of the iterative algorithm here. Compared with the results of the ROF method, numerical simulations illustrate the more excellent reconstruction performance of the proposed algorithm.     

A hybrid convex variational model for image restoration

We propose a new hybrid model for variational image restoration using an alternative diffusion switching non-quadratic function with a parameter. The parameter is chosen adaptively so as to minimize the smoothing near the edges and allow the diffusion to smooth away from the edges. This model belongs to a class of edge-preserving regularization methods proposed in the past, the ?-function formulation. This involves a minimizer to the associated energy functional. We study the existence and uniqueness of the energy functional of the model. Using real and synthetic images we show that the model is effective in image restoration.     

Image solutions for boundary value problems without sources

In this paper, we employ the image method to solve boundary value problems in domains containing circular or spherical shaped boundaries free of sources. two and threeD problems as well as symmetric and anti-symmetric cases are considered. By treating the image method as a special case of method of fundamental solutions, only at most four unknown strengths, distributed at the center, two locations of frozen images and one free constant, need to be determined. Besides, the optimal locations of sources are determined. For the symmetric and anti-symmetric cases, only two coefficients are required to match the two boundary conditions. The convergence rate versus number of image group is numerically performed. The differences of the image solutions between 2D and 3D problems are addressed. It is found that the 2D solution in terms of the bipolar coordinates is mathematically equivalent to that of the simplest MFS with only two sources and one free constant. Finally, several examples are demonstrated to see the validity of the image method for boundary value problems.     

A reduced Newton method for constrained linear least-squares problems

We propose an iterative method that solves constrained linear least-squares problems by formulating them as nonlinear systems of equations and applying the Newton scheme. The method reduces the size of the linear system to be solved at each iteration by considering only a subset of the unknown variables. Hence the linear system can be solved more efficiently. We prove that the method is locally quadratic convergent. Applications to image deblurring problems show that our method gives better restored images than those obtained by projecting or scaling the solution into the dynamic range.     

基于RGB-NIR图像匹配的作物光谱指数特征可视化分析

归一化植被指数(NDVI)基于可见光的红色波段(630～680 nm)和近红外区(780～1 100 nm)的反射光谱进行计算,被认为是作物营养与长势诊断的重要指标。为了低成本、快速、无损的检测作物叶绿素含量,计算植株的NDVI并呈现作物的NDVI分布情况,并通过不同角度图像的分析,监测作物营养分布与动态。利用可见光和近红外波段双目成像技术获取图像,在讨论可见光(RGB)和近红外(NIR)图像的匹配算法的基础上,经图像分割与光照影响校正后,针对不同测试角度建立了作物植被指数空间分布图,并对其空间分布特征与影响因素进行了可视化分析。试验利用可见光和近红外双目相机对51株玉米植株,分别在90°,54°和35°视角下同步采集RGB和NIR图像。对RGB和NIR图像分别进行高斯滤波和拉普拉斯算子增强预处理后,选取了SURF,SIFT和ORB共3种图像匹配算法,并首先利用其进行RGB-NIR图像匹配对齐,以匹配时间(Time), 峰值信噪比(PSNR), 信息熵(MI)和结构相似性(SSIM)4个参数作为匹配性能评价指标,分别从时间、准确性、稳定性三个方面综合确定最优匹配方法。其次,研究玉米植株的分割方法包括超绿算法(ExG)和最大类间方差算法(OTSU),分别实现图像中作物和背景的分离,提取分割后的RGB图像R(Red), G(Green), B(Blue)分量和NIR图像分量。基于HSI颜色模型,提取I分量讨论了光照对图像的影响,并利用多灰度级标准板建立了植株光谱反射率校正线性公式。然后,利用R(Red)和NIR图像分量计算图像中每个像素的NDVI值,绘制作物植被指数的空间分布图,从而对比分析了不同拍摄角度下光谱植被指数的分布特征。通过不同角度图像的NDVI分布情况,展示监测作物植株不同位置的叶绿素分布情况。结果显示,RGB-NIR图像匹配时间SIFT(1.865 s)>SURF(1.412 s)>ORB(1.121 s),匹配准确性上SURF≈SIFT>ORB,匹配稳定性上SURF>SIFT>ORB,综合比较选取SURF为最优匹配算法。采用4灰度级标准板对R, G, B, NIR分量校正模型的R2分别为0.78,0.76,0.74,0.77。90°和35°视角分别展现了作物叶和茎的NDVI植被指数分布情况,可为分析和监测作物的营养分布提供技术支持。