Electrochemical Affinity Sensors Using Field Effect Transducer Devices for Chemical Analysis

The review presents advances and main challenges of the affinity sensors based on field- effect transistors published during the last five years. The different nanomaterial-based field-effect transistors are classified according to the nature of the nanomaterials, beginning by silicon, the “gold-standard” semiconductor, the gallium nitride semiconductor, the organic semiconductors, the silicon nanowires, the inorganic nanomaterials, the carbon nanotubes and the graphene. Due to its exceptional electrical properties, the main works are devoted to graphene. The obtained analytical performances for the detection of biomarkers, of DNA sequences and of miRNA are listed. The relation between the operational conditions - nature of the nanomaterials, procedure of preparation, choice of the receptor molecule, method of immobilization – and the analytical performance are discussed. The perspective of industrialization of these affinity sensors based on field-effect transistors is discussed.     

食品中罂栗碱金标快速检测试剂条的研究

首先以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC·HCI)方法合成罂粟碱完全抗原;通过改变还原剂加入量,确定纳米金合成条件为每50.0 ml,氯金酸加入1.5 mL柠檬酸三钠;合成金标保护剂量为20.0 mL胶体金溶胶加入1100稀释抗体(12 mg/L)2.0 mL,标记pH值为8.65.以罂粟碱多克隆抗体-纳米金复合物作为分析探针,罂粟碱完全抗原作为竞争抗原,构建分析体系.点样条件抗原质量浓度为1.0 g/L(以蛋白浓度计算);抗原点样量1 μL/条;金标点样量5 μL/条;二抗浓度(羊抗兔)3.3 g/L稀释至13 500;二抗点样量1μL/条.同时在实验中确定了样品提取方法.检测的灵敏度达到10 μg/L,检测时间不超过20 min.与ELISA方法对照结果,对比检测123份样品,准确率100%.     

Potentiometric DNA Sensor Based on Electropolymerized Phenothiazines for Protein Detection

Novel method of potentiometric detection of DNA‐protein interactions has been proposed. For this purpose, polymeric phenothiazine dyes, methylene blue (MB) and methylene green (MG), were electrochemically deposited onto the glassy carbon electrode and covered with double stranded DNA (dsDNA) as a target for antibodies (DNA‐sensor) or DNA aptamer specific to human α‐thrombin (aptasensor). The biosensors were consecutively incubated at pH 7.5 and 3.0 and the difference in potentials, ΔE, was used as a measure of protein concentration. The potentiometric DNA‐sensors were tested in standard serum of autoimmune disease patients (systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) and autoimmune thyroidites). It was shown, that the ΔE value of DNA‐sensor depends on the dilution of serum in the range from 1 : 1 to 1 : 100. Nonthermostated serum exhibited bell‐shape dependence of ΔE on serum dilution due to interfering effect of serine proteins at maximum dilution between 1 : 20 and 1 : 50. For SLE serum thermostated at 56 °C the ΔE linearly decreased as a function of serum dilution and reached saturation at dilution 1 : 20. Similarly the changes in the potential of aptasensor allowed us to determine the α‐thrombin in the range from 1 nM to 1 μM. The Faradic impedance spectra measured at presence of redox probe [Fe(CN)₆]^4?/3? revealed changes in the resistance and capacitance attributed to the shielding effect of anti‐DNA antibodies and an increase in the electron transfer. The developed potentiometric biosensors can be used for preliminary diagnostics of autoimmune diseases and thrombin detection with sensitivity comparable to traditional methods. The developed assay is, however simpler and cheaper in comparison with commonly used methods.     

Purification of monoclonal antibody from tobacco extract using membrane-based bioseparation techniques

Transgenic plants offer a promising system for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This paper describes a membrane-based process suitable for purification of a humanized mAb expressed in tobacco. Most monoclonal antibody purification schemes rely on the use of Protein A as the affinity ligand for antibody capture. The main objective of our work was to develop non-Protein A-based purification methods to avoid some of the problems and limitations associated with this ligand, e.g. cost, immunotoxicity, and antibody aggregation during elution. Ion exchange membrane chromatography (IEMC) was used for primary capture and preliminary purification of the mAb from tobacco juice. Hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography (HIMC) was then used for high-resolution purification, followed by ultrafiltration for polishing, desalting and buffer exchange. Using this scheme, both high mAb purity (single peak in size exclusion chromatogram, i.e., ca. 100% purity) and high recovery (77% of mAb spiked into the tobacco extract) were achieved. Membrane chromatography is generally considered unsuitable for resolving bound proteins by gradient elution and is therefore commonly used in the bind and elute mode with a single-step change of mobile phase. We show that the gradient elution process in the HIMC step can be optimized to increase the resolution and thereby obtain product of high purity.     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for aconitine-type alkaloids using an anti-aconitine monoclonal antibody

3-Succinylaconitine was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for use as an immunogen for the preparation of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against aconitine (Aco). Splenocytes from mice immunized with the Aco-BSA conjugate were fused with an aminopterin-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line, P3-X63-Ag8-653, and a hybridoma secreting a MAb against Aco was successfully obtained. The MAb cross-reacted with mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which are Aco-type alkaloids, but not with any other compounds examined. The full measurement range of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed using the new MAb extended from 100 ng mL⁻¹ to 1.5 μg mL⁻¹ of Aco. The concentrations of Aco-type alkaloids in various Aconiti radixes assayed using the new ELISA method showed good agreement with previous reports.     

Flow cytometric immunoassay for sulfonamides in raw milk

Sulfonamide antibiotics are applied in veterinary medicine for the treatment of microbial infections. For the detection of residues of sulfonamides in milk, a multi-sulfonamide flow cytometric immunoassay (FCI) was developed using the Luminex MultiAnalyte Profiling (xMAP) technology. In this automated FCI, a previously developed biotinylated multi-sulfonamide mutant antibody (M.3.4) was applied in combination with fluorescent beads, directly coated with a sulfathiazole derivative, and streptavidin–phycoerythrin (SAPE) for the detection. With this FCI, at least 11 different sulfonamides could be detected (more than 50% inhibition at the 100 ng mL⁻¹ level) and, after an incubation of 1 h, measurements were rapid (10 s per sample). For the application with raw milk, a 96-well microplate-based filtration step was included into the protocol to remove disturbing milk fat particles. Because of differences in sensitivity towards different sulfonamides, the FCI was considered and validated as a qualitative screening assay. For sulfadoxine, the most applied sulfonamide in Dutch dairy cattle, the detection capability (CCβ) was <50 μg L⁻¹ and this level seems feasible for five other sulfonamides. For sulfadiazine, the CCβ was <200 μg L⁻¹ and this level seems feasible for four other sulfonamides. A major advantage of the applied xMAP-technology, with its 100 different color-coded bead sets, is the possibility to develop multiplex immunoassays for the simultaneous detection of several antibiotics.     

Effect of hapten structures on specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for N-methylcarbamate insecticide metolcarb

Five different haptens of the N-methylcarbamate insecticide metolcarb were designed and synthesized. All of the haptens were conjugated with ovalbumin (OVA) for the coating antigen, and one hapten containing all of the structure of metolcarb was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for the immunogen. Two polyclonal antisera were raised against the BSA conjugate, and ten antibody/coating conjugate combinations were selected for studies of assay sensitivity and specificity for metolcarb. A class-specific combination was found, with the I₅₀ of the assay ranged from 0.64 to 20.98 μg mL⁻¹ for seven tested N-methylcarbamate insecticides except for pirimicarb. Considering titer, I₅₀ and cross-reactivity of all combinations of antibody/coating conjugate, a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a homologous system, whose limit of detection (LoD) reached 1.4 ng mL⁻¹, was presented. The results of competitive ELISAs indicated that coating hapten structure can significantly affect not only assay sensitivity but also its specificity.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using specific monoclonal antibodies against theacrine and its application

Theacrine(1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid),a purine alkaloid similar to caffeine in its chemical structure,is isolated from edible Camellia assamica var.kucha and has various pharmacological activities including hypnotic effects,anti-depressant effects,anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects,and a protective effect against stress-provoked liver damage.A rapid and simple assay is required to quantify theacrine in biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies in small animals.This study aimed to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for theacrine quantification in blood.Herein,we successfully obtained monoclonal antibodies(MAbs) against theacrine,MAbs C11B5,and developed an ELISA method for the fast determination of theacrine in mouse blood.The range for calibration of theacrine by ELISA was 0.156-100 μg mL~1.The half maximum inhibitory concentration(IC_(50)) value was1.55 μg mL~1.The ELISA method lays a good foundation for the further research.     

Unique Vibrational Features as a Direct Probe of Specific Antigen–Antibody Recognition at the Surface of a Solid‐Supported Hybrid Lipid Bilayer

Here, we demonstrate how sum frequency generation (SFG), a vibrational spectroscopy based on a nonlinear three‐photon mixing process, may provide a direct and unique fingerprint of bio‐recognition; This latter can be detected with an intrinsically discriminating unspecific adsorption, thanks to the high sensitivity of the second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) response to preferential molecular orientation and symmetry properties. As a proof of concept, we have detected the biological event at the solid/liquid interface of a model bio‐active antigen platform, based on a solid‐supported hybrid lipid bilayer (ss‐HLB) of a 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) lipid, towards a monoclonal mouse anti‐DNP complementary antibody.     

Novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to detect Total E. coli in water environment

In order to establish ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method to detect Total E. coli in water environment, E. coli multi-characters antigens in water environment were prepared according to the characters of kinds of E. coli serotypes, including antigen of whole cell, antigen of disrupted whole cell, somatic antigen, flagellar antigen and fimbrial antigen. Total E. coli polyclonal antibodies were obtained from the New Zealand rabbits immunized with these five antigens, respectively. Antibodies generated in this research are with high titers and good purity, can conjugate with antigens, specifically, stably and strongly. Indirect ELISA shows the titers of antibody of whole cell and antibody of disrupted whole cell are both over 1 × 10⁵. The cross-reactivity of the antibody is from 12 to 30% which indicate the specificity of the antibody against Total E. coli. Based on these antibodies, we established indirect ELISA method to detect Total E. coli in water environment. The matrix effects were studied and the results show that there is no significant influence by all the factors. The ELISA result shows that the detection limitation could be 10⁴ CFU (colony forming units) L⁻¹. The indirect ELISA method developed in this study is well suited for Total E. coli analysis in real water samples as a rapid screen method.