Dialkylphosphatidylcholine and egg yolk lecithin for emulsification of various triglycerides

Synthesized saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) and egg yolk lecithin (EYL) were investigated to explore their influence on particle sizes in emulsions when dispersing various triglycerides (TG). One of four different kinds of synthesized saturated PC (DLPC, DMPC, DPPC and DSPC) or three different kinds of EYL (purified EYL (PEL) and hydrogenated purified EYL with two different iodine values (IV), R-20 and R-5), 2.5% (w/w) glycerol solution and one of four kinds of TG (tricaprylin, tricaprin, trilaurin and trimyristin) were sonicated five times for 1 min with intervals of 0.5 min. When using four kinds of synthesized saturated PCs as emulsifiers, the carbon numbers of each PC had a strong correlation with the mean diameters of the emulsion when analyzed with each of the four kinds of TG used in the study (regression function ranged from 0.811 to 0.915). The carbon numbers of the TG had less correlation with the mean diameters than the PC in simple regression analysis (regression function ranged from 0.236 to 0.875). Multiple regression analysis using the carbon numbers both of the PC and TG as independent variables was remarkably significant in the regression function (2.0 × 10⁻¹⁴) and all regression coefficients (2.7 × 10⁻¹³, 5.8 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.9 × 10⁻⁹ for PC, TG and intercept, respectively). Among the regression coefficients, the contribution of the carbon number of the PC was the most significant. These results indicated that a multiple regression function should be useful to estimate the mean diameters of emulsion droplets in any combinations of PC and TG used in this study.

In the experiments using three kinds of EYL, the mean diameters also tended to increase according to the order of PEL, R-20 and R-5, which corresponds to the order of degrees of saturation (IV = 75, 20 and 2, respectively). The experimental values for EYL were compared with the estimated values calculated by the multiple regression function derived from synthesized PC data using the arithmetic carbon number, based on the components of each EYL. The estimated mean diameters were at comparable levels to the corresponding experimental mean diameters in the most saturated hydrogenated lecithin (R-5), while those were larger than the experimental mean diameters in two less saturated kinds of lecithin (R-20 and purified EYL). These findings gave useful information on the mean diameters of emulsion droplets when designing an emulsion formulation using a particular combination of a phospholipid and triglyceride.     

Synthesis and characterization of nanostructure hydrous iron–titanium binary mixed oxide for arsenic sorption

Synthesis of nanostructure hydrous iron–titanium binary mixed oxide (NHITBMO) had been reported by a simple method, and characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM), Föurier Transform Infrared (FTIR), surface area, and zero surface charge pH (pHzpc). The synthetic oxide was hydrated and microcrystalline with 77.8 m² g^?1 BET surface area. The particle size (nm) calculated using XRD peak table and TEM image was ~10–13 and 6–8, respectively. The pH_zpc value was 6.0 (±0.05) for the oxide. The NHITBMO showed pH dependent good sorption affinity for arsenic from the aqueous solution and, the Langmuir monolayer capacity (mg g^?1) was 80.0 and 14.6, respectively, for the As(III) and As(V). The pseudo-second order equation described the room temperature arsenic sorption kinetic data well. The minimum dose required was 1.6 g NHITBMO per L of water (As_total = 0.24 mg L^?1) to reduce the arsenic level below 0.01 mg L^?1 in batch treatment process.     

Electrical and Optical Diagnostics of Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD) in He and N2 for Polymer Treatment

Synchronous, real-time optical and electrical diagnostics have been carried out on dielectric barrier discharges in flowing gases (air, He, N₂) at atmospheric pressure. A true Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge (APGD) is observed in N₂ when O₂ and H₂ concentrations are below 500 ppm and 2500 ppm,respectively, and the APGD regime can be beneficially modified by suitably chosen dielectric coatings. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of some APGD-treated polymer surfaces are presented.     

石英玻璃光纤表面化学镀镍

采用化学镀的方法在石英玻璃光纤表面上制备了光亮、均匀、可焊性好的镍镀层；在光纤表面粗化后增加热处理工序可以克服石英光纤表面难以活化的问题。     

Molecular constants of XeO3F2

The force constants of XeO₃F₂ have been evaluated using the general valence force field. The mean square amplitudes of vibration, the generalised mean square amplitudes and shrinkage constants, Coriolis coupling coefficients and centrifugal distortion constants have also been calculated for the first time using the vibrational frequencies and the structural parameters. The thermodynamic properties have been computed for the ideal gaseous state at 1 atmospheric pressure for 11 temperatures from 100° to 1000°K using a rigid rotor harmonic oscillator approximation.     

Adsorption properties of thermally pretreated porasils

Summary A simple modification was employed by thermal or hydrothermal treatment of silica gel (Porasil). In this way chromatographic materials with advantageous properties were prepared. The changes of the adsorbent under different thermal and hydrothermal treatment were studied in more detail. The experimental results show that under controlled conditions material with required chromatographic properties can be prepared.     

Preparation of TiO2 Powder by Modified Two-Stage Hydrolysis

Nano-sized TiO₂ powders were synthesized by modified hydrolysis reaction using two-stage treatments of acid/base catalyst. Using an acidic catalyst, the primary particle size of assynthesized TiO₂ was smaller than using basic catalyst, but rutile ratio and the particle size were increased after heat treatment due to the dense packing of particles. However, in the synthesized TiO₂ powder using a basic catalyst persist the anatase phase and a loosely aggregation of particle after heat treatment. It was found that the catalyst used in the first stage determines the primary particle size. However the phase, the packing density and degree of dispersion of TiO₂ powder were determined by the secondly applied catalyst. Therefore, the addition sequence of catalysts is the most important key to prepare fine powders for photocatalytic use and solar cell. In this study, an acid treatment followed by a base is suggested as best route to obtaining fine size and distribution of particles and high content of anatase phase.     

Chemometric procedure for the study of fractionated wastewater ingredients using RP-HPLC/diode array spectrophotometer

A fast screening method of domestic wastewater is reported based on fractionation with RP-HPLC and diode array absorption detection implemented by chemometric treatment of the spectra using cluster analysis, deconvolution, simulation, and multiple regression statistical techniques. The proposed method is limited to constituents that absorb in the UV-Vis region which include most of the toxic organic pollutants.     

Recent Research and Development in Solving Atmospheric Corrosion Problems of Steel Industries in Japan

A rust layer, so called protective rust layer, on a weathering low-alloy steel has strong protective ability for atmospheric corrosion of the steel. We have recently found through a large number of spectroscopic studies including Mössbauer spectroscopy that the protective rust layer forms after long-term phase transformation. The phase and structure of the rust definitely control the protective ability of the rust layer. From this recent knowledge, some new technologies have been developed. One is the surface-treatment technique that provides a possibility for obtaining the protective rust layer in a relatively short period even in the severe environments such as in marine and chloride (de-icing salts) containing environments. Others are based on selection of effective alloying elements for steel materials. These are particularly important for application in areas where protective rust layer formation may be hindered or prevented. In this paper, we mention recent progress in research and development on rusting protection by rust for atmospheric corrosion of steels in Japan.     

Properties of Ferrofluid Nanoparticles Prepared by Coprecipitation and Acid Treatment

A new stable acid water-based CoFe₂O₄ ferrofluid is prepared by coprecipitation and acid treatment. The properties of the nanoparticles forming the ferrofluid are examined by means of X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning tunneling microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and annihilation technique. The results show that the particles are cubic CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, which have an average diameter of 12.2nm and are coated with a low density porous amorphous layer. The CoFe₂O₄ particles in an acid aqueous medium exist in two kinds of forms, one is a single spherical particle and another is an aggregation of several spherical particles.