全文获取类型
收费全文 | 61351篇 |
免费 | 3428篇 |
国内免费 | 3574篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 21947篇 |
晶体学 | 515篇 |
力学 | 3825篇 |
综合类 | 541篇 |
数学 | 20856篇 |
物理学 | 20669篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 63篇 |
2023年 | 446篇 |
2022年 | 1141篇 |
2021年 | 1083篇 |
2020年 | 1136篇 |
2019年 | 1373篇 |
2018年 | 1244篇 |
2017年 | 1260篇 |
2016年 | 1389篇 |
2015年 | 1136篇 |
2014年 | 1910篇 |
2013年 | 3664篇 |
2012年 | 2281篇 |
2011年 | 2938篇 |
2010年 | 2341篇 |
2009年 | 3510篇 |
2008年 | 3845篇 |
2007年 | 4319篇 |
2006年 | 3564篇 |
2005年 | 2748篇 |
2004年 | 2267篇 |
2003年 | 2574篇 |
2002年 | 2890篇 |
2001年 | 2205篇 |
2000年 | 2102篇 |
1999年 | 1865篇 |
1998年 | 1854篇 |
1997年 | 1118篇 |
1996年 | 1118篇 |
1995年 | 1048篇 |
1994年 | 1064篇 |
1993年 | 822篇 |
1992年 | 867篇 |
1991年 | 568篇 |
1990年 | 566篇 |
1989年 | 476篇 |
1988年 | 371篇 |
1987年 | 357篇 |
1986年 | 319篇 |
1985年 | 356篇 |
1984年 | 334篇 |
1983年 | 221篇 |
1982年 | 290篇 |
1981年 | 262篇 |
1980年 | 180篇 |
1979年 | 197篇 |
1978年 | 185篇 |
1977年 | 152篇 |
1976年 | 105篇 |
1973年 | 67篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
The rational and sustainable exploitation of nature resources is one of the priority objectives of our society. In this article a method is proposed to evaluate and exploit the energetic resources contained in different forest formations. This method is based on the use of a combustion bomb calorimeter to determine the calorific values of the different samples studied. These results were complemented with chemical analysis of the samples and with environmental and geomorphological studies of the zones were samples were taken. The results obtained during the last 3 years for the residual biomass originated from the forest formations existing in Galicia ensure the reliability and usefulness of the method that can be extended to any forest formation all over the world. 相似文献
102.
Using the theory of noncommutative symmetric functions, we introduce the higher order peak algebras (Sym(N))N≥1, a sequence of graded Hopf algebras which contain the descent algebra and the usual peak algebra as initial cases (N=1 and N=2). We compute their Hilbert series, introduce and study several combinatorial bases, and establish various algebraic identities
related to the multisection of formal power series with noncommutative coefficients.
Received November 19, 2004 相似文献
103.
Basic principles of the generalized lattice model of multicomponent condensed systems are formulated. Short-range parts of interatomic interactions are taken into account by means of the geometric constraints method. Long-range parts of the interactions are taken into account in mean field approximation. The expression for Helmholtz free energy is obtained. A system of integral equations for the equilibrium distributions of components is derived. The asymptotic properties of its solutions are investigated. Moment expansion of interatomic interactions and localization of integral terms in free energy is obtained. A Ginzburg–Landau-like functional of free energy is derived. 相似文献
104.
Wincenty Turek Mieczyslaw Lapkowski Agnieszka Stolarczyk 《Applied Surface Science》2005,252(3):801-806
The goal of our studies was to determine the nature of interactions between catalytic active samples, such as polypyrrole (PPy) doped with: chloride anions, heteropolyacids such as H5PMo10V2O40, or H4SiW12O40, and oxygen particles. In order to reveal the mechanism of the linkage between the catalysts and oxygen we provided the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of synthesized samples in O2 and N2 flow. Moreover, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed to show the properties of doped heteropolyacids and the state of nitrogen in polypyrrole matrix. The results of EPR studies of PPy(Cl), PPy(H4SiW12O40), PPy(H5PMo10V2O40) samples, show that the polypyrrole doped with chloride anions interacts much easier with oxygen than polypyrrole doped with heteropolyacids (in the above given order, of preference with the most active polypyrrole system first). It correlates with XPS results, which show that a molybdenium-vanadium anion is more reduced than a silicon-tungsten one. The redox reactions of heteropolyacids involve the oxidation-reduction of the conjugated polymer chain, leaving no or little place for interactions with oxygen. Polypyrrole doped with H4SiW12O40 shows some oxygen sensitivity as observed in the EPR studies, as opposed to polypyrrole doped with H5PMo10V2O40, which is in line with the XPS results. 相似文献
105.
Teresa uczak Radosaw Pankiewicz Bogusawa ska Grzegorz Schroeder Maria Betowska-Brzezinska Bogumil Brzezinski 《Journal of Molecular Structure》2006,800(1-3):140-145
Novel self-assembled monolayers were obtained on silver using 4,7-diazaheptyl-trimethoxy-silane (SiN) and vinyl-trialkoxy-silane (SiVA, where the alkyl group is 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60-eicozaoxa- hexaheptaconan). It was shown that thus modified metal surface was protected against electrooxidation. A densely packed monolayer remained stable and did not desorb from the Ag electrode on the potential cycling. The structure of SiN and SiVA as well as their complexes with Li+ cations were calculated and visualised by the AM1d and PM5 semi-empirical methods. 相似文献
106.
系统研究了具有急性和慢性两个阶段的MSIS流行病模型.由两节构成,第1节建立和研究了具有急慢性阶段的MSIS流行病模型;第2节在第1节的基础上建立和研究了具有慢性病病程的MSIS流行病模型.第1节的模型是四个常微分方程构成的方程组.第2节的模型既含有常微分方程,又含有偏微分方程.运用微分方程和积分方程中的理论和方法,得到了这两个模型再生数R0的表达式.证明了当R0<1时,无病平衡态是全局渐近稳定性,给出了各模型地方病平衡态的存在性和稳定性条件. 相似文献
107.
108.
B.I. Sturman A.S. Gorkunova K.H. Ringhofer 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2003,23(2):291-297
We investigate analytically and numerically the influence of the type of the photorefractive nonlinear response on the periodic
states (attractors) which occur during feedback controlled 2W-coupling and correspond to almost 100% diffraction efficiency
of the dynamic index grating. In addition to the case of the local response typical, for example, for LiNbO3 crystals we consider the cases of nonlocal (diffusive) response (BaTiO3, SBN) and resonant response (DC-biased BSO, BTO, and BGO crystals). It is shown that the conditions for the transition to
the periodic states and their apparent characteristics are strongly different for the two limiting cases above.
Received 16 July 2002 / Received in final form 29 October 2002 Published online 4 March 2003 相似文献
109.
This paper is devoted to a detailed theoretical study of an ion pair SN2 reaction LiNCO+CH3F in the gas phase and in solution at the level of MP2(full)/6-31+G**//HF/6-31+G**. Two possible reaction mechanisms, inversion and retention, are discussed. There are eight possible reaction pathways. The inversion mechanism is more favorable no matter in the gas phase or in solution based on analyses of the transition structures. Methyl isocyanate should form preferentially in the gas phase and more stable methyl cyanate is the main product in solution. The retardation of the reaction in solvents was attributed to the difference in solvation in the separated reactants and in the transition state. 相似文献
110.
I.A. Khotina L.S. Lepnev N.S. Burenkova P.M. Valetsky A.G. Vitukhnovsky 《Journal of luminescence》2004,110(4):232-238
New materials based on low-generation polyphenylene dendrimers with the light emission in the blue spectrum range were synthesized and examined for an efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLED) application. It has been shown that the ratio of p-phenylene groups with high fluorescence parameters to 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene groups with low fluorescent parameters may be the possible reason for the experimental variations of relative quantum yield of photoluminescence in the compounds explored. The quantum yield value is increased with a number of dendrimer generations up to 50–70%. The role of bromine atoms as the luminescence quenchers have been demonstrated, which is important for synthesis route choice. 相似文献