Sulfonation of a flexible and unexpected electrically conductive polysulfone and its performance in perovskites solar cells

The effect of sulfonation on polysulfone regarding its electrical properties is studied and discussed. In addition to the effect of percentage of sulfonation, the thickness of thin films and the ultraviolet (UV) treatment also were evaluated and reported. The results indicate that percentage of sulfonation is the most important effect, even over thickness. As the sulfonation percentage was increased, better electrical performance (fill factor and power conversion efficiency) was obtained because the sulfonate groups impart a kind of vacancy into the polymer structure, showing comparable energy level to that of conventional poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).In addition, the UV treatment not only cleans the film's surface but also polarizes the polymeric's surface improving the polysulfone performance, which was 24% better, at least, respect to that obtained without UV treatment. The obtained results open the possibility to optimize sulfonated polysulfones that could be used in inverted hybrid perovskite solar cells.     

两种调制方式下主从激光器同步性能的理论研究

以单周期信号为例,数值模拟并讨论了注入频率和注入光场波动强度对主从式半导体激光器同步性能的影响。分别通过直接调制和外部调制两种方式获得单周期信号,并采用改进的参数——相似指数评价系统的同步性能。研究结果表明：当注入强度足够大时,系统实现注入锁定同步,外部调制的相似指数大于内部调制;注入强度恒定时,同步品质几乎不受调制指数的影响,而受调制频率的影响;由于内部、外部调制引起主激光器的输出反相,两种调制方式下同步品质随调制频率的变化趋势也相反。     

Recent developments and applications of screen-printed electrodes in environmental assays—A review

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), which are used as economical electrochemical substrates, have gone through significant improvements over the past few decades with respect to both their format and their printing materials. Because of their advantageous material properties, such as disposability, simplicity, and rapid responses, SPEs have been successfully utilised for the rapid in situ analysis of environmental pollutants. This critical review describes the basic fabrication principles, the configuration designs of SPEs and the hybrid analytical techniques based on SPEs. We mainly overview the electrochemical applications of SPEs in environmental analysis over the past 3 years, including the determination of organic compounds, heavy metals and gas pollutants.     

多元校正流动注射电位滴定法同时测定苯甲酸和山梨酸

将流动注射应用于酸碱电位滴定分析,建立了一种可同时测定混合有机酸的电位滴定新方法。在该方法中,用氢氧化钠与氯化钾的混合溶液作为滴定剂,在流通池中同时插入pH指示电极和氯离子指示电极,在滴定过程中的任一滴定点,流出液的pH值和酸碱的混合比例可由两个电极的电位测定值同时获得,从而可应用多元校正法由相应的滴定曲线求得混合酸中每一种组分的含量。该方法不仅免去了体积和时间读数,而且减少了试剂和样品的消耗量,分析速度快。应用该方法对混合样品中的苯甲酸和水杨酸进行同时测定,其相对标准偏差分别为0．19％～0．37％,回收率分别为97．3％～102．6％。     

在线电解生成次氯酸根-流动注射化学发光法测定盐酸阿糖胞苷

将恒电流电解在线产生 Cl O-与流动注射化学发光分析法有效地结合 ,基于盐酸阿糖胞苷对 Cl O-- Luminol体系化学发光的拟制作用 ,建立了测定盐酸阿糖胞苷流动注射化学发光新分析法。该法测定盐酸阿糖胞苷的线性范围为 1× 1 0 -8～ 4× 1 0 -7g,检出限为 8× 1 0 -9g,相对标准偏差为 3.0 % ( n=1 1 ) ,已应用于注射用盐酸阿糖胞苷的测定。     

N-四氢苯并噻唑亚胺Schiff碱的化学发光测定

新合成的噻唑类Schiff碱N-(2-四氢苯并噻唑)-2-羟基苯甲亚胺及类似化合物与Ce⁴⁺反应可产生微弱的化学发光,使用增敏剂奎宁可使发光显著增强.研究其发光反应动力学曲线、荧光光谱、化学发光光谱以及Schiff碱与Ce⁴⁺混合前后紫外可见吸收光谱的变化,确定了发生反应的官能团,讨论了发光反应的机理.考察了奎宁存在下Schiff碱与Ce₄₊化学发光反应条件及共存物质对发光强度的影响,建立了流动注射化学发光测定Schiff碱的方法.该法线性范围为2.0×10^-7～1.0×10^-4mol/L,检出限为8.0×10^-8mol/L,对2.0×10^-6mol/L噻唑类Schiff碱7次平行测定的相对标准偏差为2.4%.除Mn²⁺,Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,Bi³⁺,Ti⁺外,大部分金属离子及500倍药物辅料淀粉不干扰噻唑类Schiff碱测定.与已有方法相比,具有灵敏、快速、简单、全自动等特点,成功地用于合成样品的分析。     

Characterization of a micro spiral flow cell for chemiluminescence detection

A 5.5 μl spiral micro-flow cell, mounted in front of a photomultiplier, is made from Teflon capillary (75 cm×100 μm ID) with two inlets for the CL reagent and carrier buffer and a waste outlet. It allows the rapid mixing of CL reagent and analyte and simultaneous detection of the emitted light. Using a flow rate of 25 μl/min for a 0.4 mM luminol-8 μM hemin solution (pH 11.6) and 50 μl/min of carrier buffer (pH 11.6), the slight exponential calibration curve for the flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) determination of H₂O₂ is 2.5–10 μM and the detection limit is 1.5 μM. The detection limit achieved by using a spiral flow cell is 24 times lower than that obtained from a conventional FI system with a low dead volume tee mixer and a 12 μl flow cell in a HPLC fluorometer with the source lamp off. This luminol CL detection method is successfully applied to the enzymatic determination of -lactate by FI. The lactate sample is mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized lactate oxidase (LO) enzyme and then injected into the buffered (pH 7.5) carrier stream for CL detection of the H₂O₂ product. Using the optimal conditions of reaction temperature set to 37.5 °C and flow rates of 45 μl/min for the CL reagent and 60 μl/min for the carrier buffer, the calibration range for lactate is 5–50 μM and the detection limit is 2.9 μM. This method is applied to the determination of -lactate in beer.     

Selective determination of amino acids using flow injection analysis coupled with chemiluminescence detection

The determination of the amino acids proline, histidine, tyrosine, arginine, phenylalanine and tryptophan using flow injection analysis (FIA) with chemiluminescence detection is described. Proline was the only amino acid to exhibit chemiluminescence with the tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) reaction at pH 10. While, histidine was found to selectively enhance the reaction of luminol with Mn(II) salts in a basic medium. Acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence was able to selectively determine tyrosine at pH 6.75. Low pressure separations using a C18 guard column allowed the simultaneous determination of tyrosine and tryptophan or phenylalanine and tryptophan with acidic potassium permanganate and copper(II)-amino acid-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence, respectively. Precision for each method was less than 3.9% (R.S.D.) for five replicates of a standard (1×10⁻⁵ M) and the detection limits ranged between 4×10⁻⁹ and 7×10⁻⁶ M. Preliminary investigations revealed that the methodology developed was able to selectively determine the individual amino acids in an equimolar mixture of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids.     

Fast microwave-assisted free sugars washing and hydrolysis pre-treatment for the flow injection determination of starch in food

The approach used consists of a flow injection (FI) manifold assisted by a focused microwave digestor for both fast washing of free sugars and acceleration of the hydrolysis step prior to the determination of starch in food. The action of microwaves reduces both the times for removal of free sugars to a 5 min single washing cycle with ethanol/water and that of the subsequent starch hydrolysis to a 10 min step. The sugars formed in the starch hydrolysis are in-line derivatised and photometrically monitored at λ=460 nm. In this way, automation of pre-treatment and determination is achieved with the minimum of both cost and time. The precision of the overall method, expressed as relative standard deviation, is 3.75% and the total analysis time is 38 min. Comparison of the results, obtained in applying the method to flour and bread, is in agreement with those provided by the manual method.     

用流动注射二甲基偶氮磺-Ⅲ分光光度法测定水中硫酸根

基于硫酸根使Ｂａ２＋－二甲基偶氮磺－Ⅲ络合物的褪色反应，将采样环和离子交换柱安 装在多功能进样阀上消除干扰，建立了流动注射光度测定硫酸根的新方法。该法对硫酸根线 性范围为０～２６ｍｇ／Ｌ。所建立方法在进样时对离子交换柱自动再生处理，有望应用于硫酸根 的自动测定。