Current Sheets in Two-Dimensional Turbulent Plasmas

It is found that the mean length of magnetic field lines in a two-dimensional plasma is a lower bound of the total current in it, and this estimate does not depend on the value of the resistivity. In a turbulent plasma, the current is often localized in current sheets (of finite thickness). Since the length of curves transported by chaotic flows tends to grow exponentially in time, the same must happen to the current density at these sheets. This fact was previously known by numerical methods.     

不同氮掺杂石墨烯氧还原反应活性的密度泛函理论研究

N掺杂石墨烯作为一种具有较高活性和稳定性的氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂,受到人们的广泛关注。然而不同的N掺杂类型对氧还原活性的影响一直存在争议。本文通过密度泛函理论分别对石墨型和吡啶型两种N掺杂石墨烯的ORR活性进行比较研究。能带结构分析表明,石墨氮掺杂石墨烯(GNG)的导电性随掺N量的增加而降低;吡啶氮掺杂石墨烯(PNG)的导电性则随掺N量的增加先提高后降低。当N掺杂浓度达到4.2%(原子分数)时,PNG具有最优导电性。且当N掺杂浓度大于1.4%时,PNG的导电率总是高于GNG。氧还原自由能阶梯曲线发现O₂的质子化是整个氧还原过程的潜在控制步骤。在同等氮掺杂浓度下,O₂的质子化自由能能变在GNG上低于在PNG上,意味着若在同等电子传输能力的情况下,GNG具有比PNG更优异的催化活性。进一步分析发现：当N掺杂浓度在低于2.8%时,GNG和PNG导电性差异小,其催化ORR活性由O₂质子化反应难易程度决定,GNG的催化活性优于PNG;当N掺杂浓度高于2.8%时,氮掺杂石墨烯的电子传输性能(导电性)成为决定催化剂ORR活性的主要因素,因此PNG表现出较GNG更高的活性。     

Electrospun one-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride-coated carbon hybrid nanofibers (GCN/CNFs) for photoelectrochemical applications

Coupling of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) with electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) enhanced the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of a pristine GCN photoanode. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was electrospun to form fibers that were then carbonized to form one-dimensional (1D) CNFs, which were then used to fabricate the GCN structure. The optimum GCN/CNFs hybrid structure was obtained by controlling the amount of GCN precursors (urea/thiourea). The surface morphology of the hybrid structure revealed the coating of GCN on the CNFs. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed the phases of the GCN/CNFs hybrids. PEC results showed a higher photocurrent of 3 μA for the hybrid compared with that of 1 μA for the pristine GCN. The high photocurrent for the hybrid structures indicated the formation of heterojunctions that resulted from a lower recombination rate of charge carriers. Moreover, UTh_0.075 (0.075 g of urea and 0.075 g of thiourea) hybrid sample showed the highest performance of hydrogen generation with its numerical value of 437 μmol/g, compared to those of UTh_0.1(0.1 g of urea and 0.1 g of thiourea) and UTh_0.05 (0.05 g of urea and 0.05 g of thiourea) composite samples. This higher hydrogen production could be explained again with successful formation of heterojunctions between GCN and CNFs. Overall, we report a new approach for obtaining 1D hybrid structures, having better PEC performance than that of pristine GCN. These hybrids could potentially be used in energy-related devices.     

Electrochemical Study and Application on Shikonin at Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Functionalized Graphene Sheets Modified Glass Carbon Electrode

The electrochemical behaviors of shikonin at a poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) functionalized graphene sheets modified glass carbon electrode(PDDA-GS/GCE) have been investigated. Shikonin could exhibit a pair of well-defined redox peaks at the PDDA-GS/GCE located at 0.681 V(E_pa) and 0.662 V(E_pc)[vs. saturated calomel electrode(SCE)] in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution(pH=2.0) with a peak-to-peak separation of about 20 mV, revealing a fast electron-transfer process. Moreover, the current response was remarkably increased at PDDA-GS/GCE compared with that at the bare GCE. The electrochemical behaviors of shikonin at the modified electrode were investigated. And the results indicate that the reaction involves the transfer of two electrons, accompanied by two protons and the electrochemical process is a diffusional-controlled electrode process. The electrochemical parameters of shikonin at the modified electrode, the electron-transfer coefficient(α), the electron-transfer number(n) and the electrode reaction rate constant(k_s) were calculated to be as 0.53, 2.18 and 3.6 s^-1, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the peak current of differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) increased linearly with the shikonin concentration in a range from 9.472×10^-8 mol/L to 3.789×10^-6 mol/L with a detection limit of 3.157×10^-8 mol/L. The linear regression equation was I_p=0.7366c+0.7855(R=0.9978; I_p: 10^-7 A, c: 10^-8 mol/L). In addition, the modified glass carbon electrode also exhibited good stability, selectivity and acceptable reproducibility that could be used for the sensitive, simple and rapid determination of shikonin in real samples. Therefore, the present work offers a new way to broaden the analytical application of graphene in pharmaceutical analysis.     

Finite Difference Analysis of Time-Dependent Viscous Nanofluid Flow Between Parallel Plates

This article computes effect of uniform magnetic field on nanofluid flow filling porous medium inside parallel sheets. Darcy's law is used to characterize porous medium. Flow is caused by stretching of the lower sheet. The governing systems are computed using Finite difference technique. This scheme is used due to its more general and powerful nature to solve nonlinear problems. Results are obtained and discussed graphically. Nusselt number, skin friction, streamlines,velocity and temperature are emphasized.     

Self‐Templated Assembly of AuI/AgI‐Thiolate Sheets with Central Holes

Composite crystalline sheets of Au^I/Ag^I‐thiolate with central holes are achieved by co‐assembly of Ag^I‐thiolate and Au^I‐thiolate in one‐pot without sacrificial template. Both Ag^I‐thiolate and Au^I‐thiolate can separately assemble to lamellar sheets with similar structures, which makes their co‐assembly possible, while the differences in their assembly pathways make the co‐assembly processes highly dynamic and complex. First, a core@shell structure with Ag^I‐thiolate at the core was formed upon the mixing of the two, then the core@shell structure transformed to a hole@shell structure by dissociation of the core. Finally, some instable hole@shell structures further dissociated and grew on stable ones to generate holed Au^I/Ag^I‐thiolate composite sheets, in which the two components neither have severe phase separation nor blend uniformly at atomic level. By tuning the feeding ratios, the average diameter of the holes can be controlled. Therefore, the work demonstrates the advantage of co‐assembly technique in obtaining complex structurers. The holed sheets can further assemble to porous macroscopic materials and transform to composite metal nanoparticles by pyrolysis.     

Formation and characterization of ethyl 2-oxocyclo-pentanecarboxylate/graphitic oxide intercalation compounds

A study by X-ray diffraction, gravimetric adsorption, gravimetric and differential thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was made of the intercalation compounds which ethyl 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate (CBCP) forms with graphitic oxide. The interlamellar disposition of the organic molecule as well as the CBCP/graphitic oxide interaction is also discussed.     

Unsteady theory of the hydrofoil of finite span

A three-dimensional unsteady flow around the hydrofoil has been dealt with in this paper. Under the assumption of infinitesimal wave and thin hydrofoil, analytic solution of perturbation velocity potential induced by the unsteady flow of a hydrofoil which is simplified as a series of rectangular vortex rings is achieved and then the unsteady forces can be evaluated. The paper had been accepted by the X VI th International Congress of IUTAM, Lyngby, Denmark, Aug. 19–25, 1985.     

增大石墨相氮化碳层间距提升光催化制氢性能

石墨相氮化碳是一类非金属聚合物,其光催化特性,特别是在光催化水分解反应中的应用引起了广泛关注.目前,块体石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能主要受比表面积较大、光子利用率较低等因素的制约.前期大量研究主要采用异质元素掺杂、负载助催化剂、设计缺陷、构建异质结构等策略来进一步提升光催化性能.石墨相氮化碳具有二维层状的晶体结构,理论上其形貌和显微结构会对光催化性能有显著影响.因此,本文从调节材料本征结构这一角度,报道了一种调控石墨相氮化碳层间距的方法.将三聚氰胺和氯化铵混合后,通过微波快速加热,利用氯化铵分解过程中释放氨气这一特性,破坏石墨相氮化碳层间的范德华力,增大其层间距并成功获得了薄片状结构.同时,微波加热可以实现快速升温,有效避免了电炉加热煅烧时间较长导致前驱体挥发的问题.采用扫描电子显微镜、氮气等温吸脱附曲线、X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、光催化制氢和电化学测试等表征手段,研究了不同氯化铵含量对石墨相氮化碳层间距的作用以及调控层间距对光催化活性的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜观察,与三聚氰胺加热所得到的块状结构相比,适量的氯化铵(氯化铵质量比为11％)和三聚氰胺在微波快速加热处理后可以获得薄片状结构.氮气等温吸脱附曲线进一步证实了显微结构的变化,薄片状结构和块体结构相比BET比表面积提升了2.1倍.X射线衍射分析证实随着氯化铵含量的增加,(002)衍射峰位置左移,意味着层间距逐渐增大.红外光谱则没有明显的变化,说明氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧并不会改变石墨相氮化碳的化学结构.光催化制氢测试发现,添加适量的氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧可以明显提升光催化制氢性能.与块体材料(4.67μmol h?1)相比,层间距增大后光催化活性提升了约5倍(23.6μmol h?1).结合紫外-可见吸收光谱和电化学莫特肖特基测试,我们发现层间距增大后可以显著提升石墨相氮化碳的可见光吸收性质,减小带宽,并获得更为合适的能级结构.且样品的导电性能得到改善,有利于电荷传输,光生电子空穴对的分离效率进一步提升.以上结果说明调控石墨相氮化碳的层间距是一种简单有效提升催化剂光催化性能的手段.