Enhancement mechanism of field electron emission properties in hybrid carbon nanotubes with tree- and wing-like features

In this work, the tree-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with branches of different diameters and the wing-like CNTs with graphitic-sheets of different densities were synthesized by using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The nanostructures of the as-prepared hybrid carbon materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The structural dependence of field electron emission (FEE) property was also investigated. It is found that both of the tree- and wing-like CNTs exhibit a lower turn-on field and higher emission current density than the pristine CNTs, which can be ascribed to the effects of branch size, crystal orientation, and graphitic-sheet density.     

Effect of the cutting technique on the residual stress distribution of cut edges in FeSi3 transformer sheets

Samples of laser‐scratched FeSi3 transformer sheets have been investigated. The investigations were carried out by using the Kossel and EBSD techniques in our self‐designed multifunctional system. The results show residual stress mappings of the cut edges of FeSi3 transformer sheets and their dependence on the cutting process (conventional plate shears, abrasive water‐jet technique, laser cutting). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Simulations of the bending rigidity of graphene

Molecular mechanics simulations for graphene bending rigidity are reported through calculations of the strain energy for graphene sheets subjected to a point loading. The rigidity is found to be dependent on the size and the shape of graphene sheets. Moreover, dependence of the rigidity on the deflection is found.     

Buckling of hybrid nanocomposites with embedded graphene and carbon nanotubes

With the aid of atomistic multiscale modelling and analytical approaches, buckling strength has been determined for carbon nanofibres/epoxy composite systems. Various nanofibres configurations considered are single walled carbon nano tube (SWCNT) and single layer graphene sheet (SLGS) and SLGS/SWCNT hybrid systems. Computationally, both eigen-value and non-linear large deformation-based methods have been employed to calculate the buckling strength. The non-linear computational model generated here takes into account of complex features such as debonding between polymer and filler (delamination under compression), nonlinearity in the polymer, strain-based damage criteria for the matrix, contact between fillers and interlocking of distorted filler surfaces with polymer. The effect of bridging nanofibres with an interlinking compound on the buckling strength of nano-composites has also been presented here. Computed enhancement in buckling strength of the polymer system due to nano reinforcement is found to be in the range of experimental and molecular dynamics based results available in open literature. The findings of this work indicate that carbon based nanofillers enhance the buckling strength of host polymers through various local failure mechanisms.     

A comparative analysis of numerical approaches to the mechanics of elastic sheets

Numerically simulating deformations in thin elastic sheets is a challenging problem in computational mechanics due to destabilizing compressive stresses that result in wrinkling. Determining the location, structure, and evolution of wrinkles in these problems has important implications in design and is an area of increasing interest in the fields of physics and engineering. In this work, several numerical approaches previously proposed to model equilibrium deformations in thin elastic sheets are compared. These include standard finite element-based static post-buckling approaches as well as a recently proposed method based on dynamic relaxation, which are applied to the problem of an annular sheet with opposed tractions where wrinkling is a key feature. Numerical solutions are compared to analytic predictions of the ground state, enabling a quantitative evaluation of the predictive power of the various methods. Results indicate that static finite element approaches produce local minima that are highly sensitive to initial imperfections, relying on a priori knowledge of the equilibrium wrinkling pattern to generate optimal results. In contrast, dynamic relaxation is much less sensitive to initial imperfections and can generate low-energy solutions for a wide variety of loading conditions without requiring knowledge of the equilibrium solution beforehand.     

(H3O)2NaAl3F12, isostructural with A2NaAl3F12 (A = K+, Rb+, Cs+) fluorides having HTB‐type sheets

The title compound, (H₃O)₂NaAl₃F₁₂ [dihydronium sodium trialuminum(III) dodecafluoride], was obtained by solvothermal synthesis from the reaction of aluminium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, 1,2,4‐triazole and aqueous HF in ethanol at 463 K for 48 h. The structure consists of AlF₆ octahedra organized in [AlF₄⁻]_n HTB‐type sheets (HTB is hexagonal tungsten bronze) separated by H₃O⁺ and Na⁺ cations.     

Efficient removal of partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide in polymer-flooding produced water using photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride nanofibres

In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) photocatalyst-incorporated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres (GCN/PAN nanofibres) were successfully prepared using electrospinning technique. The physicochemical properties of the fabricated GCN/PAN nanofibres were analysed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental analyser, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation by GCN/PAN nanofibres exhibited 90.2% photodegradation of partially hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile (HPAM) after 180 min under UV light irradiation in a suspension photocatalytic reactor. The results suggest that the photodegradation of HPAM contaminant by GCN/PAN nanofibres was due to the synergetic effects of HPAM adsorption by the PAN nanofibres and HPAM photodegradation by the GCN. This study provides an insight into the removal of HPAM from polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW) through photocatalytic degradation of liquid-permeable self-supporting nanofibre mats as a potentially promising material to be used in industrial applications.     

g-C_3N_4负载Co及其分解臭氧性能研究

用尿素热解合成了g-C_3N_4载体,再通过NaBH_4还原制备了g-C_3N_4负载Co(Co/g-C_3N_4)催化剂,研究了Co负载量对臭氧分解效率的影响.在臭氧的体积分数为4×10~(-5),空速600 L·L~(-1)·h~(-1),湿度为1%时,负载量为0.30%和6.00%(重量百分比)的Co/g-C_3N_4对臭氧的分解率分别为80%和60%. 0.30%×10~(-6)样品中Co主要通过Co—N键和g-C_3N_4中3-s-三嗪结构的N结合. 6.00%(重量百分比)的样品中Co团聚成粒径约20 nm的颗粒.经过6 h反应后,0.30%(重量百分比)的Co/g-C_3N_4在80℃加热30 min即可再生,经5次循环使用后,分解臭氧效率仅下降了5%,6.00%Co/g-C_3N_4不能通过此方法再生. 0.30%Co/g-C_3N_4中和N结合的Co原子簇,是其消除臭氧效率高且易再生的原因.     

氧掺杂对VN-g-C3N4催化剂光催化固氮性能的影响

采用介质阻挡放电等离子体法合成了氧原子掺杂的具有氮空穴的石墨相氮化碳催化剂(g-C₃N₄), 并对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征分析. 结果表明, 等离子体处理没有改变催化剂的形貌, 并同时将氮空穴和氧原子引入了g-C₃N₄的晶格. 在可见光条件下, 制备的共掺杂g-C₃N₄催化剂的铵离子产率高达5.9 mg·L ^-1·h ^-1· {\mathrm{g}}_{\mathrm{cat}}^{-1} , 分别是具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄和纯g-C₃N₄的2.2倍和20倍, 同时还表现出优异的催化稳定性. 密度泛函理论计算结果显示, 与具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄相比, 氧原子的引入能提高氮空穴对反应物氮气分子的活化能力, 提高光催化固氮性能.     

利用硫化铋纳米颗粒增强类石墨相氮化碳的光生载流子分离效率和光催化活性（英文）

二氧化钛,氧化锌,磷酸铋等传统的紫外光响应光催化剂虽然具有良好的光催化性能,但是对太阳能利用率很低(紫外光只占太阳光能量的4%左右).近年来,类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)受到了广泛的关注.g-C3N4的带隙约2.7 eV,它只能吸收460nm以下的光,对太阳能的利用率依然比较低.构筑异质结是一种有效的提高光催化活性的方法.BiOCl/g-C3N4,TiO2/g-C3N4, Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4, Al2O3/g-C3N4, Ag3PO4/g-C3N4等异质结光催化剂曾被广泛的报道.硫化铋是属于正交晶系的窄带隙半导体,它的带隙约1.3–1.7 e V.由于其独特的电子结构和光学特性,硫化铋在光催化,光检测器和医药成像等领域有着广泛的应用.另外,硫化铋还具有优异的光热转换性能,在光热癌症治疗领域有显著的效果.微波辅助法,水热法,惰性气体下高温煅烧法等都曾被用来合成g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结光催化剂.不同的文献也提出了不同的催化机理.如何使用更简单环保的方法来合成g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结光催化剂?电子和空穴的转移路径是怎样的?本文利用简单的低温方法合成了硫化铋,利用超声法得到了g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结光催化剂,分析了其微观形貌,结构,并探讨了光催化的反应机理和提高光催化性能的因素.X射线衍射,傅里叶变换红外光谱, X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜的结果表明,硫化铋纳米颗粒被成功地引入到g-C3N4中.使用亚甲基蓝为分子探针研究了所制材料在模拟太阳光下的光催化活性.结果发现, CN-BiS-2表现出最佳的光催化活性,是g-C3N4的2.05倍,是Bi2S3的4.42倍.利用液相色谱二级质谱联用分析了亚甲基蓝的降解路径.硫化铋的引入拓展了复合材料的吸收边,使其向可见光区红移,且在整个可见光区的光吸收能力都有明显的增强.光电流的增强和交流阻抗谱圆弧半径的减小,表明光生载流子的迁移与分离速率得到了增强.自由基捕获试验表明,最主要的活性物种是光生空穴,次之是羟基自由基和超氧自由基.在CN-Bi S-2样品中羟基自由基和超氧自由基的电子顺磁共振信号都比g-C3N4有明显的增强,表明复合样品中能够产生更多的羟基自由基和超氧自由基.基于光电流,交流阻抗,荧光光谱,自由基捕获和电子顺磁共振的结果,我们提出了高能电子由硫化铋转移到g-C3N4,同时空穴由g-C3N4转移到硫化铋的电子空穴转移机制.此外,红外热成像的结果表明, g-C3N4/Bi2S3异质结材料具有更强的光热转换能力,从而有利于加速光生载流子分离.