有机种子对异戊二烯光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的粒谱演化和形成速率的影响

基于室内烟雾箱实验平台,研究了在有机种子气溶胶下,来自OH启动异戊二烯光氧化反应形成的二次有机气溶胶的动力学. 探究了二次有机气溶胶的粒谱分布分别与来自室内大气中痕量碳氢化合物光氧化反应产生的种子颗粒物浓度以及前体物异戊二烯浓度的依赖关系. 研究结果表明在高浓度种子气溶胶和低浓度异戊二烯条件下(对应于典型城市大气条件),光化学反应形成的二次有机产物凝聚到种子颗粒物表面而造成的颗粒物增长起主导作用;而在低浓度种子气溶胶和相对高浓度异戊二烯条件下(对应于典型偏远地区大气条件),二次有机气溶胶粒谱分布出现双模式结构,分别对应于来自均相成核的新粒子生成和二次有机产物在种子颗粒物上的凝聚增长. 此外,还研究了有机种子颗粒物浓度对二次有机气溶胶形成的影响,评估了在不同种子浓度下二次有机气溶胶粒谱分布的演化和相应新粒子的形成速率.     

双水相提取新疆圆柏果实中的总黄酮及抑制亚硝化反应的研究

本文采用超声集成丙醇-硫酸铵双水相体系提取新疆圆柏果实中总黄酮,并用分光光度法测定其含量。探讨了丙醇-硫酸铵双水相(醇-水)体系的形成及提取条件对总黄酮得率的影响,得到的最优条件为:醇-水比0.8∶1,硫酸铵的量8g,料液比1∶50;超声时间40min。结果表明,该方法可有效地从新疆圆柏实中提取总黄酮,在最优条件下提取率为11.33mg/g。在此条件下,圆柏果实总黄酮提取液对亚硝化反应的抑制能力接近抗坏血酸。     

结合高光谱成像和机器学习的棉种年份鉴别

棉花精量播种技术目前已经在新疆兵团全面推广,该技术能精确实现一穴一粒的农艺技术指标,但是也对高质量棉种的筛选提出了更高的要求。为了避免播种往年活力不足的棉种而导致发芽率降低的问题,结合机器学习和近红外（NIR）高光谱成像技术（HSI）进行棉种年份精确鉴别,实现棉种的快速无损筛选。采集2016年—2019年近四年外观无明显差异的棉种各360粒,共1 440粒棉种（按照3∶1∶1划分训练集、验证集和测试集）作为样本,按照每批60粒采集915~1 698 nm范围的棉种高光谱图像,去除首尾两端噪声大的光谱,保留1 002~1 602 nm范围的光谱为原始数据。利用Savitzky-Golay（SG）平滑算法对光谱进行预处理,采用主成分载荷方法（PCA-loading）选取13个特征波段,基于全部光谱数据和特征波段（±10 nm）数据建立逻辑回归（LR）、偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）、支持向量机（SVM）、循环神经网络（RNN）、长短记忆网络（LSTM）和卷积神经网络（CNN）六种分类模型。使用全光谱数据建模时,六种分类模型在测试集上的鉴别准确率分别为96.27%,98.98%,99.32%,96.95%,97.63%和100%,其中CNN和SVM模型取得了较好的结果;使用特征光谱数据建模时,六种分类模型在测试集上的鉴别精度分别为93.56%,97.29%,98.30%,95.25%,94.24%和99.66%,其中CNN和SVM模型仍有较好的分类结果。结果表明,使用全光谱数据建模时,六种分类模型都可以实现较高精度的棉种年份鉴别,使用特征光谱数据建模时CNN和SVM模型的鉴别精度仍可达到98%;其中深度学习方法优于传统机器学习方法,但是传统机器学习方法仍能保持较好的鉴别准确率。因此,结合近红外高光谱成像技术和机器学习方法能够实现棉种年份的高精度鉴别,为棉花精量播种过程中的优质棉种选种技术提供理论依据和方法。     

Controlling the Size and Morphology of Au@Pd Core–Shell Nanocrystals by Manipulating the Kinetics of Seeded Growth

This article reports a systematic study of the seed‐mediated growth of Au@Pd core–shell nanocrystals with a variety of controlled sizes and morphologies. The key to the success of this synthesis is to manipulate the reaction kinetics by tuning a set of reaction parameters, including the type and concentration of capping agent, the amount of ascorbic acid used as the reducing agent, and the injection rate used for the precursor solution. Starting from Au nanospheres of 11 nm in diameter as the seeds, Au@Pd core–shell nanocrystals with a number of morphologies, including octahedra, concave octahedra, rectangular bars, cubes, concave cubes, and dendrites, could all be obtained by simply altering the reaction rate. For the first time, it was possible to generate Au@Pd nanocrystals with concave structures on the surfaces while their sizes were kept below 20 nm. In addition, the as‐prepared Au@Pd nanocubes can be used as seeds to generate Au@Pd@Au and Au@Pd@Au@Pd nanocrystals with multishelled structures.     

玻璃基底上不规则银纳米结构的生长及其光学性质的研究

以经过硅烷化后玻璃片为基底，之后吸附金纳米种子，采用柠檬酸钠为还原剂，在荧光灯照射条件下还原硝酸银，制备出基底表面具有银纳米粒子聚集结构的材料。采用透射电镜、扫描电镜和紫外可见分光光度计对产物的形貌和性质进行了表征，并考察银纳米粒子的形貌对其薄膜基底SERS活性的影响。结果表明：随着光照时间增加至16 h，金种子长大为平均粒径110 nm的不规则状多晶银纳米粒子，且出现双层粒子堆积。基底上纳米粒子的吸收光谱上出现了由银粒子的表面等离子体激元偶极子耦合引发的强烈吸收峰：随着光照时间的变化，耦合峰在600～813 nm波段内移动。光照时间为12 h后得到的SERS活性基底具有最强的SERS信号。     

Investigation of bump defects formed in back end of line for 28 nm technological node

In order to quickly ramp up and maintain good yield, it was very important that the bump defects as the killer for 28 nm technological node were accurately detected, and the quantities of the bump defects rapidly decreased by the adjusting processes. The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the performance of the bump defects in the back end of line for 28 nm technology and detect the seeds of the forming bump defect. Firstly, the bump defects were scanned by the optical examination instrument. Subsequently, the scanned defect map was transferred into scanning electron microscopy reviewing system to observe the types and sizes of the bump defects. For finding the seed of forming the bump defect, the defects were cut from the wafer using a focused ion beam, and then a transmission electron microscope was used for observing interface to identify the location of the seed of forming the bump defect. Results showed that the bump defect originated from the interface between metal (after chemical mechanical polish) and dielectric cap layer. In addition, an in‐depth study of the formation of the bump defect was carried out using the different film stacks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于高光谱图像的玉米种子特征提取与识别

玉米种子的形态特征是玉米品种识别的重要因素之一.采用高光谱成像系统获取9个品种共432粒玉米种子的高光谱反射图像,对图像进行校正和预处理,提取每个样本在563.6~911.4 nm共55个波段范围内的形状特征.分别利用单波段、多波段和全波段下的玉米种子形状特征结合偏最小二乘判别法进行模型分类.结果显示,全波段范围内训练集和测试集的平均正确识别率达到98.31%和93.98%,均优于多波段和单波段的正确识别率.研究表明,该方法能充分利用高光谱图像中可见光和近红外区域的有效特征信息,较准确地鉴别玉米品种,为玉米品种的自动识别领域提供了一种新方法.     

Bio‐based hyperbranched polyurethane/clay nanocomposites: adhesive,mechanical, and thermal properties

The unison of vegetable oil‐based hyperbranched polymers with nanotechnology can unhook myriad of avant‐garde applications of such materials. Thus Mesua ferrea L. seed oil‐based hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU)/clay nanocomposites and their performance, with special reference to adhesive strength, are reported for the first time. The nanocomposites of the hyperbranched polyurethane with organically modified nanoclay were obtained by ex situ solution technique and cured by bisphenol‐A‐based epoxy with poly(amido amine) hardener system. The partially exfoliated and well‐distributed structure of nanoclay was confirmed by XRD, SEM, and TEM studies. FTIR spectra indicate the presence of H‐bonding between nanoclay and the polymer matrix. Two times improvement in the adhesive strength and scratch hardness, 10 MPa increments in the tensile strength and 112°C more thermo‐stability have been observed without much affecting the impact resistance, bending, and elongation at break of the nanocomposites compared to the pristine epoxy modified HBPU system. Thus, the resulted nanocomposites are promising materials for different advanced applications including adhesive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells based on electrospun Al-doped ZnO nanofiber electrodes prepared by seed layer treatment

The application of electrospun nanofibers in electronic devices is limited due to their poor adhesion to conductive substrates. To improve this, a seed layer (SD) is introduced on the FTO substrate before the deposition of the electrospun composite nanofibers. This facilitates the release of interfacial tensile stress during calcination and enhances the interfacial adhesion of the AZO nanofiber films with the FTO substrate. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) based on these AZO nanofiber photoelectrodes have been fabricated and investigated. An energy conversion efficiency (η) of 0.54-0.55% has been obtained under irradiation of AM 1.5 simulated sunlight (100 mW/cm²), indicating a massive improvement of η in the AZO nanofiber film DSSCs after SD-treatment of the FTO substrate as compared to those with no treatment. The SD-treatment has been demonstrated to be a simple and facile method to solve the problem of poor adhesion between electrospun nanofibers and the conductive substrate.