Electroformation in a flow chamber with solution exchange as a means of preparation of flaccid giant vesicles

A recently described technique [Estes and Mayer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1712 (2005) 152-160] for the preparation of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) in solutions with high ionic strength is examined. By observing a series of osmotic swellings followed by vesicle bursts upon a micropipette transfer of a single POPC GUV from a sucrose solution into an iso-osmolar glycerol solution, a value for the permeability of POPC membrane for glycerol, P=(2.09+/-0.82) x 10(-8)m/s, has been obtained. Based on this result, an alternative mechanism is proposed for the observed exchange of vesicle interior. With modifications, the method of Estes and Mayer is then applied to preparation of flaccid GUVs.     

铂表面甘油脱除羟基的从头算分子动力学研究

随着生物质能源的开发,从生物柴油制备中大量获取的甘油成为热门的工业原材料. 甘油可以通过氢解生成1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇两种丙二醇,这两种丙二醇都具有十分广泛的用途. 实验上报道的众多相关金属催化剂中,铂具有性质稳定、不易失活、可活化氢分子提供氢原子等优点. 此外甘油在铂上氢解生成1,2-丙二醇的选择性高于1,3-丙二醇. 本文主要利用从头算分子动力学对甘油在Pt(111)和Pt(211)表面上发生的羟基解离过程进行了模拟计算,并对比分析了其自由能的变化和表面物种结构参数的变化,得出了以下结论：(i)密度泛函理论优化气相甘油分子结构的结果显示,氢键对于气相中分子的结构与能量有较大贡献,三个羟基形成三个分子内氢键结构时甘油分子能量最低;(ii)通过比较从头算分子动力学模拟得到的自由能能垒和反应自由能,可以得出,在Pt(111)和Pt(211)表面,末端碳上的羟基比中间碳上的羟基更容易发生解离. 这表明在类似的条件下,铂作为催化剂可以为1,2-丙二醇的生产提供更高的选择性,这与文献中报道的实验结果一致;(iii)通过对从头算分子动力学模拟得到的初始吸附态和过渡态结构参数的分析,发现在羟基解离的过程中,C-C键的键长没有明显变化,而氧原子的相对位置以及氢键的长度有明显变化,且氢键长度的变化更加剧烈;(iv)通过比较从头算分子动力学研究所得的自由能能垒和结构参数的相关趋势发现,自由能能垒与初始吸附态和过渡态的氧原子间位置的变化量之间存在线性关系,而分子内氢键对自由能能垒的贡献可以忽略不计. 氧原子间位置的变化越大,自由能能垒越高.     

Molybdenum,Vanadium, and Tungsten-Based Catalysts for Sustainable (ep)Oxidation

This article gives an overview of the research activity of the LAC2 team at LCC developed at Castres in the field of sustainable chemistry with an emphasis on the collaboration with a research team from the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Croatia. The work is situated within the context of sustainable chemistry for the development of catalytic processes. Those processes imply molecular complexes containing oxido-molybdenum, -vanadium, -tungsten or simple polyoxometalates (POMs) as catalysts for organic solvent-free epoxidation. The studies considered first the influence of the nature of complexes (and related ligands) on the reactivity (assessing mechanisms through DFT calculations) with model substrates. From those model processes, the work has been enlarged to the valorization of biomass resources. A part concerns the activity on vanadium chemistry and the final part concerns the use of POMs as catalysts, from molecular to grafted catalysts, (ep)oxidizing substrates from fossil and biomass resources.     

In Silico Approach of Glycinin and Conglycinin Chains of Soybean By-Product (Okara) Using Papain and Bromelain

This study explores utilization of a sustainable soybean by-product (okara) based on in silico approach. In silico approaches, as well as the BIOPEP database, PeptideRanker database, Peptide Calculator database (Pepcalc), ToxinPred database, and AllerTop database, were employed to evaluate the potential of glycinin and conglycinin derived peptides as a potential source of bioactive peptides. These major protein precursors have been found as protein in okara as a soybean by-product. Furthermore, primary structure, biological potential, and physicochemical, sensory, and allergenic characteristics of the theoretically released antioxidant peptides were predicted in this research. Glycinin and α subunits of β-conglycinin were selected as potential precursors of bioactive peptides based on in silico analysis. The most notable among these are antioxidant peptides. First, the potential of protein precursors for releasing bioactive peptides was evaluated by determining the frequency of occurrence of fragments with a given activity. Through the BIOPEP database analysis, there are several antioxidant bioactive peptides in glycinin and β and α subunits of β-conglycinin sequences. Then, an in silico proteolysis using selected enzymes (papain, bromelain) to obtain antioxidant peptides was investigated and then analyzed using PeptideRanker and Pepcalc. Allergenic analysis using the AllerTop revealed that all in silico proteolysis-derived antioxidant peptides are probably nonallergenic peptides. We also performed molecular docking against MPO (myeloperoxidases) for this peptide. Overall, the present study highlights that glycinin and β and α subunits of β-conglycinin could be promising precursors of bioactive peptides that have an antioxidant peptide for developing several applications.     

Early ultrastructural events of skeletal muscle damage following cardiotoxin-induced injury and glycerol-induced injury

In this study, we investigated the early changes of skeletal muscle damage in response to injuries induced by cardiotoxin (CTX) and glycerol by using both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Normal, non-dystrophic, adult male mice were used in this study. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injected either with CTX or glycerol. Samples were collected at intervals starting from 1 h up to 4 days after injury. Injured muscles were subjected to both histological and ultrastructural analyses. CTX-induced injury caused mitochondrial accumulation and swelling followed by lysis, while glycerol-induced injury caused accumulation of vesicles with focal disruption of the basal lamina, indicating that the injuries have different mechanisms of damage to myofibers. Moreover, inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, were recruited earlier and in larger numbers after CTX-induced injury than after glycerol-induced injury. On the other hand, satellite cells (SCs) activation started at 6 h after both injuries, as indicated by an increase in both the length and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio. However, there were significantly longer SCs with a higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio in the CTX-injured muscles than in the glycerol-injured muscles at day 4. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a difference between CTX and glycerol in their damage to myofibers; CTX damages myofiber mitochondria, while glycerol damages the myofiber cell membrane and alters osmosis. In addition, CTX-induced injury caused earlier and more extensive inflammatory infiltration than did glycerol-induced injury. This study is the first study to shed light on the early events following skeletal muscle injury induced by CTX and glycerol.     

Synthesis and structure of novel closo-dodecaborate-based glycerols

The reactions of oxonium derivatives of [B₁₂H₁₂]²⁻ with different glycerol-based nucleophiles were studied. A series of novel closo-dodecaborate-based glycerols with different net charges on the molecules were prepared. A structure of {2-[2-(4-(2, 3-dihydroxypropyl)-dipiperazinium-1-yl)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-undecahydro-closo-dodecaborate was determined and the existence of different intermolecular H-bonds was shown.     

氮杂石墨烯碳纳米管复合材料负载Pt催化剂在甘油选择性氧化中的应用

一直以来,以碳材料为载体负载的金属催化剂被广泛应用于甘油液相氧化反应.研究表明,催化剂活性与碳的孔径分布有关,随着碳载体微孔比例的增加,催化剂活性下降.此外,载体表面基团对金属活性有着重要影响.例如,载体表面含氧基团的吸电子作用可降低载体表面电子的流动性(电子密度和导电性),从而阻碍甘油氧化反应过程中OH–的吸附和再生,导致反应活性降低.因此,开发微孔比例小、富含负电性基团的碳载体成为甘油氧化过程中急需解决的问题之一.本文通过热解碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和三聚氰胺的混合物,在碳纳米管表面直接生长得到氮杂石墨烯(NG-MWCNTs),并采用SEM,N2吸附,TEM和XRD对所得复合材料进行了表征.实验发现,相比于单纯的MWCNTs和直接热解三聚氰胺所得的产物CNx,NG-MWCNTs具有更高的比表面积(173 m2/g)和更大的平均孔径.此外,NG-MWCNTs非常适合作为Pt催化剂的载体,Pt平均粒径可小至1.4±0.4 nm.所制备的Pt/NG-MWCNTs催化剂在甘油选择性氧化反应中具有很高的催化活性和甘油酸选择性(甘油转化率和甘油酸选择性分别可达64.4%和81.0%),且具有可重复使用性能.Pt/NG-MWCNTs催化剂优异的催化活性不仅与载体表面高分散的Pt有关,而且与N原子对Pt的给电子作用有关.     

Dehydroxylation of Glycerol on Pt Surfaces: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study

Glycerol is an important raw material in the chemical industry, and dehydroxylation of glycerol would produce 1, 2-propanediol and 1, 3-propanediol. Here we studied glycerol dehydroxylation with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on Pt(111) and Pt(211) surfaces at 453 K. The free energies obtained on Pt show that dehydroxylation is more likely to occur at the terminal carbon than the central carbon, and 1, 2-propanediol would be produced preferentially, which is consistent with the selectivity observed experimentally. We found a linear relationship between the free energy barrier and the difference of average distances between O atoms at the initial state and transition state. Although a high correlation between the stability of gaseous glycerol and the number of formed hydrogen bonds is determined from density functional theory calculations, the hydrogen bonds formed within surface structures play a negligible role in determining the free energy barriers of dehydroxylation.     

光学活性C3合成子的不对称合成及应用

叙述了光学活性甘油醇及其衍生物等手性Ｃ３合成的合成方法,以及这些手性化合物在不对称有机合成中的应用,参考文献２４篇。     

Sequential injection analyzer for glycerol monitoring in yeast cultivation medium

A smart and versatile flow system for the at-line monitoring of glycerol based on sequential injection analysis is proposed. Formaldehyde, generated by oxidation of glycerol with sodium periodate, is transformed into 2,4-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine applying the Hantzsch condensation reaction with acetylacetone and ammonium. Dual-wavelength detection was carried out to minimize the contribution of the schlieren effect using a single blue LED. In-line sample dilution is accomplished applying the concept of zone-penetration and a new concept of sample splitting. Under optimized physical and chemical variables, regression curves over two dynamic working ranges of 0.1-4 and 1-40 g l⁻¹ were attained. The injection throughputs were 14 and 12 h⁻¹, respectively. Applying on-line data evaluation and conditional inquiries, the smart and independent selection of the adequate analytical procedure for the required working range was accomplished. The system was successfully applied to the at-line monitoring of glycerol in a continuous, cell-free medium flow from a yeast cultivation process during batch and fed-batch phase with glycerol as the only carbon source.