Phosphate Assisted Proton Transfer in Water and Sugar Glasses: A Study Using Fluorescence of Pyrene-1-carboxylate and IR Spectroscopy

The role of water’s H-bond percolation network in acid-assisted proton transfer was studied in water and glycerol solutions and in sugar glasses. Proton transfer rates were determined by the fluorescence of pyrene-1-carboxylate, a compound with a higher pK in its excited state relative to the ground state. Excitation of pyrene-1-COO⁻ produces fluorescence from pyrene-1-COOH when a proton is accepted during the excited singlet state lifetime of pyrene-1-COO⁻. The presence of glycerol as an aqueous cosolvent decreases proton transfer rates from phosphoric and acetic acid in a manner that does not follow the Stokes relationship on viscosity. In sugar glass composed of trehalose and sucrose, proton transfer occurs when phosphate is incorporated in the glass. Sugar glass containing phosphate retains water and it is suggested that proton transfer requires this water. The infrared (IR) frequency of water bending mode in sugar glass and in aqueous solution is affected by the presence of phosphate and the IR spectral bands of all phosphate species in water are temperature dependent; both results are consistent with H-bonding between water and phosphate. The fluorescence results, which studied the effect of cosolvent, highlight the role of water in assisting proton transfer in reactions involving biological acids, and the IR results, which give spectroscopic evidence for H-bonding between water and phosphate, are consistent with a mechanism of proton transfer involving H-bonding. The possibility that the phosphate-rich surface of membranes assists in proton equilibration in cells is discussed.     

脂肪族聚酯弹性体的合成及其性能研究

介绍了一种以癸二酸、乙二醇和甘油为原料合成可降解脂肪族聚酯的方法,并利用红外光谱、光电子能谱、示差扫描量热法、X射线衍射和力学测试等方法对聚酯的性质进行了研究.结果显示,产物表现出典型的高弹性,随着原料中癸二酸/乙二醇的比值增加,产物的弹性模量呈增加趋势,微观结构由局部有序向无序转变.产物具有良好的生物降解能力,37℃下在含猪胰脂肪酶的磷酸缓冲溶液里72h失重率在6.1%～14.4%之间.     

Experimental and predicted excess molar enthalpies of some working pairs for absorption cycles

In this work, the measured excess molar enthalpies of absorption heat pump working pairs (refrigerant + absorbent), viz. water + mono-, di- and tri-ethylene glycol, water + glycerol, and ethanol + di- and tri-ethylene glycol mixtures are presented at 298.15 K and ambient pressure using a Setaram Calvet C80 calorimeter. The experimental results are represented and correlated by a Redlich–Kister type equation. Modeling of the excess enthalpies has been performed using the UNIFAC molecular group-contribution method, and UNIQUAC Gibbs energy model. In addition, the data and results are used to predict the Gibbs energy of all binary systems. This allows a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of the binary systems as heat pump working pairs.     

Acetalization of glycerol using mesoporous MoO3/SiO2 solid acid catalyst

Acetalization of glycerol with various aldehydes has been carried out using mesoporous MoO₃/SiO₂ as a solid acid catalyst. A series of MoO₃/SiO₂ catalysts with varying MoO₃ loadings (1–20 mol%) were prepared by sol–gel technique using ethyl silicate-40 and ammonium heptamolybdate as silica and molybdenum source respectively. The sol–gel derived samples were calcined at 500 °C and characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques. The XRD of the calcined samples showed the formation of amorphous phase up to 10 mol% MoO₃ loading and at higher loading of crystalline α-MoO₃ on amorphous silica support. TEM analyses of the materials showed the uniform distribution of MoO₃ nanoparticles on amorphous silica support. Raman spectroscopy showed the formation of silicomolybdic acid at low Mo loading and a mixture of α-MoO₃ and polymolybdate species at high Mo loadings. Moreover the Raman spectra of intermediate loading samples also suggest the presence of β-MoO₃. Acetalization of glycerol with benzaldehyde was carried out using series of MoO₃/SiO₂ catalysts with varying MoO₃ loadings (1–20 mol%). Among the series, MoO₃/SiO₂ with 20 mol% MoO₃ loadings was found to be the most active catalyst in acetalization under mild conditions. Maximum conversion of benzaldehyde (72%) was obtained in 8 h at 100 °C with 60% selectivity for the six-membered acetal using 20% MoO₃/SiO₂. Interestingly with substituted benzaldehydes under same reaction conditions the conversion of aldehydes decreased with increase in selectivity for six-membered acetals. These results indicate the potential of this catalyst for the acetalization of glycerol for an environmentally benign process.     

铈镧比对CexNi0.5La0.5-xO系催化剂甘油氧化蒸汽重整制氢性能的影响

利用共沉淀法制备了CeO₂和La₂O₃复合载体的Ce_xNi_0.5La_0.5-xOO(CeNiLaO)系催化剂,在固定床反应器中考察其甘油氧化蒸汽重整制氢(OSRG)性能,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行表征分析。结果表明：La₂O₃能够有效地分散Ni颗粒,减弱Ni颗粒在反应过程中的烧结,CeO₂提供的晶格氧能够消除催化剂表面的积碳,同时La会部分进入Ce的晶格取代部分Ce⁴⁺造成晶格畸变,提高表面的氧空穴数。La₂O₃和CeO₂的共同作用有利于减弱Ni因为烧结和积碳引起的失活。在不同Ce/La摩尔比的催化剂中,Ce_0.4Ni_0.5La_0.1O表现出最好的催化活性,并且该催化剂在长达210 h的稳定性测试中,甘油的转化率都在95%以上,气相产物中的氢气浓度达50%。     

甘油对酪蛋白酸钠光谱性质的影响

酪蛋白酸钠(sodium caseinate, SC)所制的可食食品包装膜能有效延缓食品中水份的迁移和扩散以及阻止氧气的氧化等从而对食品起到很好地保鲜和保护作用, 由于酪蛋白亲水性较强, 使其所制膜阻水性和机械性能均较差, 甘油(glycerol, G)作为添加剂可以增强酪蛋白酸钠膜的韧性和阻水性, 为进一步阐明G和SC之间的作用方式及对酪蛋白酸钠结构产生的影响, 本实验利用荧光光谱、傅里叶红外光谱和紫外光谱特性对它们的作用方式进行了研究。结果表明: G的加入可以使SC的荧光强度降低, 由荧光强度变化速率和甘油的浓度的双对数回归曲线得出了G和SC的结合常数为1.127×103 L·mol-1和结合位点数为1.161, 得出G和SC分子之间结合方式为弱化学键;虽然添加G前后SC的红外光谱的吸收峰几乎相同, 但吸收强度存在较大差异, 说明SC二级结构受到了影响, 使得β折叠β-转角结构减少, α螺旋、无规则卷曲、结构显著增多, 以及分子间氢键加强;分析紫外光谱得出, G的加入没有改变SC肽键的结构, 而是与SC以非共价键的方式结合形成分子质量更大的聚合物并使吸收峰值强度下降。该研究从分子的角度揭示了G和SC分子间的作用方式。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定生物柴油中游离甘油含量

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)-蒸发光散射(ELSD)法测定生物柴油中游离甘油的方法。用水萃取生物柴油中的甘油,选用强酸型阳离子交换柱(Ultimate XB-SCX)分离甘油和杂质,流动相为乙腈-水(25:75,V:V),柱温35℃;ELSD漂移管温度30℃,载气压力360 kPa。结果表明:在7.12～307.31 mg/kg范围内,甘油峰面积和其浓度的对数具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数r为0.9929。甘油的回收率为96.3%～105.6%,RSD均小于2.0%(n=5)。最低检测限(LOD)和最低定量限(LOQ)分别为2.50 mg/kg、7.12 mg/kg。该研究为生物柴油中游离甘油的提取和检测提供了一种快速高效的方法。     

Co3O4纳米线的丙三醇辅助合成及其电化学性质

以硝酸钴和丙三醇为反应物通过反应条件的改变控制制备出Co3O4纳米线.利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物的形貌与结构进行了表征.实验发现,在低扫描速率下,Co3O4纳米线电极的循环伏安(CV)曲线呈现出两对氧化还原峰.恒电流充放电实验中,氧化钴纳米线电极在1A.g-1电流密度下的电容为163F.g-1;在1和4A.g-1条件下,其容量随循环次数的增加先上升后下降,1000次充放电循环后容量保持率分别在98%和80%以上,继续增加循环次数则容量下降比较明显.锂离子电池性质测试中,氧化钴纳米线的放电容量为1124mAh.g-1,然而放电容量随循环次数增加下降较快.基于实验结果,对Co3O4纳米线的形成机理及其结构与电化学性质之间的关系进行了探讨.     

SECM Studies on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glycerol at Copper Electrodes in Alkaline Medium

This study aims at analyzing the reaction mechanism of the electrooxidation of glycerol at copper surfaces in NaOH solutions using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) in the substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) mode. Experiments showed the dependence of the current at the tip on the distance between generator and tip, as well as on the concentration of the NaOH solution. The current at the tip decreased significantly after addition of glycerol, as a result of the competition between diffusion of the free‐soluble Cu(III) species and its consumption during the diffusion in the solution. The determination of the analyte in a castor biodiesel sample employing a single copper microelectrode was carried out.