Producing acoustic ‘Frozen Waves’: Simulated experiments with diffraction/attenuation resistant beams in lossy media

The so-called Localized Waves (LW), and the “Frozen Waves” (FW), have raised significant attention in the areas of Optics and Ultrasound, because of their surprising energy localization properties. The LWs resist the effects of diffraction for large distances, and possess an interesting self-reconstruction —self-healing— property (after obstacles with size smaller than the antenna’s  ); while the FWs, a sub-class of LWs, offer the possibility of arbitrarily modeling the longitudinal field intensity pattern inside a prefixed interval, for instance 0?z?L$0?z?L$, of the wave propagation axis. More specifically, the FWs are localized fields “at rest”, that is, with a static envelope (within which only the carrier wave propagates), and can be endowed moreover with a high transverse localization.     

A derivation of the frozen-orbital unrestricted open-shell and restricted closed-shell second-order perturbation theory analytic gradient expressions

A detailed derivation of the frozen-orbital second-order perturbation theory (MP2) analytic gradient in the spin-orbital basis is presented. The summation ranges and modification of the MP2 gradient terms that result from the frozen-orbital approximation are clearly identified. The frozen-orbital analytic gradients for unrestricted MP2 and closed-shell MP2 are determined from the spin-orbital derivation. A discussion of useful implementation procedures is included. Timings from full and frozen-orbital MP2 gradient calculations on the molecule silicocene (the silicon analog of the sandwich compound ferrocene) are also presented.     

Calorimetric effects in rapidly frozen micellar solutions below the macroscopic melting point

Small samples of aqueous solutions of three cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) salts and of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were rapidly frozen by plunging into liquid Nitrogen. The frozen samples were heated and recooled in a differential scanning calorimeter between −50 and −5°C, i.e., below the macroscopic melting point. Upon first heating an exothermic process was observed in CTA salts (but not in SDS) at between −20 and −30°C. The process was assigned to crystallization of micellar microdomains that had not taken place upon rapid freezing. The mobility for crystallization in the frozen environment was possible because of local melting point depression. In the presence of sufficient sodium chloride the local melting was proven by according endo- and exothermic DSC peaks upon heating and recooling, respectively.     

低温冷冻和机械损伤条件下马铃薯高光谱图像特征响应特性研究

开展了低温冷冻和机械损伤条件下马铃薯高光谱图像特征响应特性研究。采用卓立汉光公司Image~λ“谱像”系列高光谱相机获取完好的、低温冷冻和机械损伤条件下的光谱波段范围为387～1 035 nm的马铃薯高光谱图像;截取校正后的像素尺寸大小为60×60的马铃薯高光谱中部完好的图像并计算该区域平均反射率值;冻伤的马铃薯样本的反射光谱曲线在440,560和680 nm附近有明显吸收峰;机械损伤样本在560和680 nm附近有明显吸收峰,在680 nm附近吸收峰谷值明显低于冻伤样本;完好的马铃薯样本反射光谱曲线相对较为平滑,在560和680 nm附近未见明显吸收峰;撞伤样本在440,560和680 nm附近存在吸收峰,而在410 nm附近有一个明显的反射峰。四类马铃薯样本的反射光谱曲线特征峰值表现出一定的指纹特性,因而可以被用于后续品质特征检测分析使用。由于仪器或检测环境、光照强弱等因素影响,光谱数据中掺杂噪声,因此采用化学计量学预处理方法消除噪声的影响;随机选取70%的马铃薯四类样本的反射光谱作为训练数据,剩余的30%作为测试集;接着,利用极端梯度提升算法、类型提升算法和轻量梯度提升机算法来获取马铃薯高光谱图像的有效特征波谱,减少高维海量高光谱数据对后续品质分类模型的影响;最后,将提取到的有效特征波长构建马铃薯品质判别模型。在建立的分类模型中,使用的轻量梯度提升机+逻辑斯蒂回归达到最高的判别精度98.86%。该研究为将来高光谱图像成像技术在现代农业生产加工过程中马铃薯品质有效监测与控制提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

Separation of (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)-(−)-3-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone as an Inclusion Complex with (<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>)-(+)-4,4′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-2,2′-bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl Host and its X-ray Structural Study

Abstract By inclusion complexation with the chiral host compound (R)-(+)-4,4′,6,6′-tetrachloro-2,2′-bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl, racemic 3-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was resolved and its (S)-(−)-enantiomer was isolated as a 1:1 inclusion complex, which crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system in the space group P2₁2₁2₁ (a = 14.1163(2) ?, b = 14.7140(3) ?, c = 17.2025(3) ?). By the inclusion complexation, the keto–enol equilibrium of the guest was frozen and the keto-form was isolated in a pure form. By X-ray structural study of the complex, the guest molecule included was elucidated to be the keto-form and its absolute configuration was determined to be (S). Index Abstract By inclusion complexation with (R)-(+)-4,4′,6,6′-tetrachloro-2,2′-bis (hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-biphenyl, racemic 3-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was resolved and its (S)-(−)-enantiomer isolated and in addition the keto–enol equilibrium of the guest was frozen and the keto-form isolated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

排桩冻结法深基坑施工监测与反馈分析

对于润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑,冻结作用使基坑的受力过程变得更为复杂,根据排桩冻结法基坑结构和场地工程地质条件,建立了大型安全监测系统。本文介绍了润扬大桥南锚碇场地工程地质条件、排桩冻结法基坑的结构和南锚碇基坑监测方案、分析了南锚排桩冻结法深基坑各项监测数据的变化规律,包括侧向土压力、内支撑轴力、排桩钢筋应力和排桩水平位移随时间变化规律,并基于施工监测进行了反馈分析,保障了南锚碇排桩冻结法深基坑的安全与稳定。监测结果分析表明,排桩冻结法是基坑工程的一种可行的施工工法,润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑的成功实践为今后类似工程的建设积累了宝贵经验。     

地质雷达在风火山隧道病害检测中的应用与结果分析

青藏铁路全线开通运营以来,对处于高寒地区的永久冻土隧道之一的风火山隧道的质量状态首次进行了无损检测。风火山隧道处于高寒永久冻土区,隧道全部处于冻岩中,两端洞口主要为砂岩与泥岩,并且为富冰冻土。受到季节性冻融的影响,隧道病害比较突出,主要表现为衬砌裂缝,漏水涌水,衬砌酥松剥落。为了准确地掌握风火山隧道衬砌结构质量状态,本文首次应用于风火山隧道衬砌结构的质量检测。该检测设备一改传统破坏式的检测方法,具有快速、简捷、无损、灵活的特点。通过对现场数据处理分析,可以精确探测衬砌厚度,查明衬砌背后存在的空洞和回填不密实区域。检测结果表明,隧道在高寒恶劣环境中,衬砌总体外观质量尚好,但是在两端洞口段有渗水现象; 衬砌背后空洞缺陷等级为严重地段测线长度为20m,等级为极严重地段测线长度为98m; 衬砌背后回填不密实缺陷等级为严重地段测线长度为41m,等级为极严重地段测线长度为33m。检测结果与实际病害情况基本相符。     

Mercury speciation in thawed out and refrozen fish samples by gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Different sub-sampling procedures were applied for the determination of mercury species (as total mercury Hg, methylmercury MeHg⁺ and inorganic mercury Hg²⁺) in frozen fish meat. Analyses were carried out by two different techniques. After the sample material was pre-treated by microwave digestion, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) was used for the determination of total Hg. Speciation analysis was performed according to the following procedure: dissolution of sample material in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), derivatisation with sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt₄), extraction into isooctane and measurement with gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICPMS) for the identification and quantification of methylmercury (MeHg⁺) and inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺). The concentration range of total Hg measured in the shark fillets is between 0.9 and 3.6 g g^–1 thawed out shark fillet. Speciation analysis leads to 94% Hg present as MeHg⁺. Homogeneity, storage conditions and stability of analytical species and sample materials have great influence on analytical results. Sub-sampling of half-frozen/partly thawed out fish and analysis lead to significantly different concentrations, which are on average a factor of two lower.