Ichthyosan in fish eye

Ichthyosan A and V are two highly elastoviscous glycan complexes present in the aqueus and vitreus [here aqueus and vitreus are used as nouns as was suggested by Balazs and Denlinger in The eye, vol 1A. Vegetative physiology and biochemistry, 3rd edn. Academic Press, New York, pp 533–589, 1984] of the fish eye. Ichthyosan A, with its high elastic properties, surrounds and stabilizes the lens of the eye. Ichthyosan V, within the collagen fibers, serves as a structure stabilizer of the gel vitreus. These two molecular complexes are non-covalent aggregates composed of hyaluronan, a chondroitin-proteoglycan (sulfate free), and a keratan-like molecule. The ratio of hyaluronan to chondroitin–proteoglycan varies in the two ichthyosans. Electrophoretic separation methods (both free and gel electrophoresis) demonstrate that the hyaluronan–proteoglycan aggregates move as one molecular entity. The average molecular weight of the ichthyosan varies from 5.2 to 13.0 million in various species. Aquatic mammals do not have ichthyosan in their eyes.     

EFFECT OF FISH MOVEMENT AND FLEET SPATIAL BEHAVIOR ON MANAGEMENT OF FISH SUBSTOCKS

I investigated the questions (i) how much movement of fish between areas within a stock is required before the areas can be managed jointly instead of separately and (ii) how is the trade-off between separate and joint management affected by the spatial behavior of the fishing fleet? I addressed these questions using a simulation model of a fishery on a stock that is divided into two areas (substocks) between which fish can move. Under joint management, fleet spatial behavior is characterized by its “switching level,” or the biomass level in the currently fished area at or below which the fleet will switch to the other area. Catch levels were calculated under both separate and joint management for a range of movement rates and switching levels. I also studied the effect of differences in natural mortality rates between the two areas. When the natural mortality rates were the same for the two areas, (i) separate management resulted in higher catch than joint management, (ii) joint management only approached the catch of separate management when movement rate of fish between the two areas was very high, (iii) the difference between separate and joint management was greatest when (a) the switching level of the joint fleet was low (i.e., inertia was high) and (b) the joint fleet had a preference for one area. When natural mortality rate was different in the two areas, and (i) the joint fleet did not prefer one area, (a) separate management produced higher catches at low fish movement rates while joint management produced higher catches at high movement rates and (b) switching level had no effect on catch, and (ii) when the fleet had a preference for the area with the higher natural mortality rate, separate management resulted in higher catches than joint management, and the difference increased with increasing fish movement rate. These simulations suggest that the relative merits of separate and joint management of two areas depends on the assumptions one makes about the spatial behavior of the fishing fleet. This behavior is as important as movement of fish between the areas, which is normally assumed to be the overriding determinant of the relative merits of separate and joint management.     

Relationship between strain localization and catastrophic rupture

In order to explore a prior warning to catastrophic rupture of heterogeneous media, like rocks, the present study investigates the relationship between surface strain localization and catastrophic rupture. Instrumented observations on the evolution of surface strain field and the catastrophic rupture of a rock under uniaxial compression were carried out. It is found that the evolution of surface strain field displays two phases: at the early stage, the strain field keeps nearly uniform with weak fluctuations increasing slowly; but at the stage prior to catastrophic rupture, a certain accelerating localization develops and a localized zone emerges. Based on the measurements, an analysis was performed with local mean-field approximation. More importantly, it is found that the scale of localized zone is closely related to the catastrophic rupture strain and the rupture strain can be calculated in accord with the local-mean-field model satisfactorily. This provides a possible clue to the forecast of catastrophic rupture.     

Jump conditions for filtered quantities at an under-resolved discontinuous interface. Part 2: A priori tests

In order to study and validate the jump conditions established in part 1, we realize a priori tests thanks to the data of a 3D Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of a strongly deformable bubble in a spatially decaying turbulence. The complex interactions between interface and turbulence are fully resolved. An explicit filtering of the DNS has been employed to evaluate the filtered quantities and to check the potential of the models for two-phase flows in the Interface and Subgrid Scales (ISS) modeling case proposed in part 1. The ISS concept is our proposal of a two-phase equivalent for the one-phase Large Eddy Simulation (LES) modeling case with sharp-interfaces. In this concept, bubbles remain bigger than the mesh size. Due to the impossibility to define a filter equivalent to the matched asymptotic expansions, we only test the modeling of the equivalent interface transport (the momentum jump conditions are not tested in this article, but will deserve additional results in a posteriori tests). Because the closure of the transport equation of the under-resolved discontinuous interface requires more modeling assumptions than the closure of the momentum equation, we think that the most relevant test has been done. The a priori tests realized show excellent agreement between the ISS models and the real contributions.     

Stochastic filtering of multiphase transport phenomena

Whether or not a multiphase mixture is to be considered heterogeneous is a function of scale and hence also a function of the measurement process. Heterogeneities manifested through the measurement process and sampling frequency (extrinsic heterogeneity) are discussed in relationship to the intrinsic heterogeneity associated with the true physical environment. The question of whether or not a multiphase environment may be scaled is partially a function of the scale of the extrinsic heterogeneity of interest. Thus, it is also a function of the instrumental apparatus, which implies that the instrument must also be scaled. We review restrictive scaling constraints in frequency space that an instrument must satisfy for proper scaling of an experiment. Cushman (1984 Water Resour. Res. and 1985 Acta Appl. Math) developed a theory that incorporates the scale and measurement process directly into the multiphase transport equations and which in turn allows for correlation of field properties over scales of motion. We discuss a generalization of this theory which accounts for integral representations of distributional stochastic processes as a function of the scale of the instrument used in the measurement of the field variables. This allows us to solve the stochastic transport equations in an operational setting, i.e., in terms of measurable quantities. Throughout the article examples are presented to illustrate the concepts.     

Assessing mixing characteristics of particle-mixing and granulation devices

The mixing of particulates such as powders is an important process in many industries including pharmaceuticals, plastics, household products （such as detergents） and food processing. The quality of products depends on the degree of mixing of their constituent materials which in turn depends on both geometric design and operating conditions. Unfortunately, due to lack of understanding of the interaction between mixer geometry and the granular material, limited progress has been made in optimizing mixer design. The discrete element method （DEM） is a computational technique that allows particle systems to be simulated and mixing to be predicted. Simulation is an effective way of acquiring information on the performance of different mixers that is difficult and/or expensive to obtain using traditional experimental approaches. Here we demonstrate how DEM can be used to unravel flow dynamics and assess mixing in several different types of devices. These devices used for mixing and/or granulation of particulates, are classified broadly as gravity controlled, bladed and high shear. We also explore the role of particle shape in mixing performance and use DEM to test whether Froude number scaling is suitable for predicting scale performance of rotating mixers.     

高压密封消化罐在光谱分析样品前处理中的应用

原了吸收光谱法是进行元素定量分析的快捷有效的方法,但固体试样溶解的不完全会对其分析测定的准确度带来很大影响。本文应用高压密封消化罐对电厂难溶的垢样进行消解,对消解条件进行了探索试验,确定了比较方便快捷、溶样完全的消解体系。并对垢样消解液中的一些常规元素作了相应的原子吸收光谱测定。     

An Instrumental Correction for the Determination of Mercury in Biological and Sediment Samples Using Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Low recovery rate and inconsistent measurements were found in the determination of mercury by method of cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the hydride formation system (Hitachi HFS-2, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo). To overcome this problem of insufficient reaction time we developed a simple T-joint device attaching to the commercial HFS-2 system for the determination of mercury in various biological tissues and sediment samples. The T-joint device was designed to combine sample and reductant injection which increased the reaction time of the sample allowing a complete formation of mercury vapor and speeding up the analysis process in comparison to the traditional cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometric method. Recoveries of mercury were in the range 95% - 100%. The corrected procedure gave precise and accurate readings with several certified reference materials: NIES No. 2 from the Japan Environment Agency; IAEA-356 from the International Atomic Energy Association, and DOLT-2, DORM-2, TORT-2, PACS-1 and MESS-2 from the National Research Council of Canada. Simple acid digestion methods were developed based on the sample Hg level and the nature of the sample. The sample detection limits were 0.0125 μg g⁻¹ fresh weight and 0.0625 μg g⁻¹ dry weight for biological samples, and as low as 0.0125 μg g⁻¹ dry weight for sediment samples. These analytical protocols we established met the general requirements in environmental research and monitoring of mercury pollution.     

Variations in Toxic Metal Levels of Two Fish Species,Pomatomus saltatrix and Dicentrarchus labrax,and Risk Estimation for Children

The concentrations of five toxic metals were monthly determined in two fish species,obtained from fish markets in Turkey during 2010—2011.For the determinations,AAS and ICP-AES were used.The obtained lead concentrations for all studied Pomatomus saltatrix(mean 635μg·kg-1)and Dicentrarchus labrax(mean 463μg·kg-1)samples were found to be significantly higher than the maximum allowances concentration(MAC)of 300μg·kg-1.Mean chromium(324μg·kg-1)and Cu(940μg·kg-1)concentrations in Pomatomus saltatrix were higher than in Dicentrarchus labrax(268μg Cr·kg-1 and 600μg Cu·kg-1)while Ni in Pomatomus saltatrix(216μg·kg-1)was lower in Dicentrarchus labrax(291μg·kg-1).The estimated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks by the Target Hazard Quotient and target carcinogenic risk indicate that there are no sytemic effects,and the risk of developing cancer over a human lifetime is between 2~9in 1 000 000.