处理涤纶仿真丝绸印染废水的膨胀颗粒污泥床的启动

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)处理涤纶仿真丝绸印染废水,通过污泥负荷和水力负荷的递增来启动反应器,从活性污泥性状和反应器性能两方面考察启动过程.活性污泥依次经历絮状、膨胀、细粒化和成熟颗粒四个阶段,反应器性能与此相应变化,有机物去除率和产气率逐渐提高且趋于稳定.结果表明,EGSB处理涤纶仿真丝绸印染废水的启动过程用了50 d左右,启动后形成的颗粒污泥床层占反应器有效容积的25%和污泥量的65%左右,COD去除率为57%～64%,产气率为0.12～0.17 m3·(kgCOD)-1.污泥的分化与颗粒化、稳定的有机物去除率与产气率是反应器完成启动的标志.     

Retrospective LC-QTOF-MS analysis searching for pharmaceutical metabolites in urban wastewater

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a matter of major concern because of their wide consumption and their potential negative effect on the water quality and living organisms. After human and/or veterinary consumption, pharmaceuticals can be excreted in unchanged form as the parent compound and/or as free or conjugated metabolites. These compounds seem not to be completely removed during wastewater treatments and might finally arrive to surface and ground waters. Consequently, both parent pharmaceuticals and metabolites are target analytes to be considered in analytical methodologies. The satisfactory sensitivity in full-acquisition mode, high-resolution, exact mass measurements and MS/MS capabilities of hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry make of this technique a powerful analytical tool for the identification of organic contaminants. In this study, the use of QTOF-MS with the aid of specialised processing-data application managers has allowed the retrospective analysis of pharmaceuticals metabolites in urban wastewater without the need for additional injection of sample extracts. Around 160 metabolites have been investigated in wastewater samples previously analysed only for parent compounds using LC-QTOF under MS(E) mode (simultaneous recording of two acquisition functions, at low and high collision energy). The retrospective analysis was applied to search for pharmaceutical metabolites in parent-positive effluent wastewaters from the Spanish Mediterranean region. Five metabolites, such as clopidogrel carboxylic acid or N-desmethyl clarithromycin, were identified in the samples.     

三相三维电极反应器中芳香类污染物荧光光谱特征的变化规律

采用三维荧光技术研究ABS(Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)树脂生产废水的荧光指纹特征及其在三相三维电极反应器的处理过程中的变化规律,研究了极板间电压对废水中芳香类污染物分解转化的影响.研究结果表明,ABS废水的荧光中心在激发波长和发射波长分别为225 nm和340 nm处,其荧光强度最...     

Multi-class determination of around 50 pharmaceuticals, including 26 antibiotics, in environmental and wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A multi-class method for the simultaneous quantification and confirmation of 47 pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewater samples has been developed. The target list of analytes included analgesic and anti-inflammatories, cholesterol lowering statin drugs and lipid regulators, antidepressants, anti-ulcer agents, psychiatric drugs, ansiolitics, cardiovasculars and a high number (26) of antibiotics from different chemical groups. A common pre-concentration step based on solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges was applied, followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) measurement. All compounds were satisfactorily determined in just one single injection, with a chromatographic run time of only 10 min. The process efficiency (combination of the matrix effect and the extraction process recovery) for the 47 selected compounds was evaluated in nine effluent wastewater (EWW) samples, and the use of different isotope-labelled internal standards (ILIS) was investigated to correct unsatisfactory values. Up to 12 ILIS were evaluated in EWW and surface water (SW). As expected, the ILIS provided satisfactory correction for their own analytes. However, the use of these ILIS for the rest of pharmaceuticals was problematic in some cases. Despite this fact, the correction with analogues ILIS was found useful for most of analytes in EWW, while was not strictly required in the SW tested. The method was successfully validated in SW and EWW at low concentration levels, as expected for pharmaceuticals in these matrices (0.025, 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L in SW; 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L in EWW). With only a few exceptions, the instrumental limits of detection varied between 0.1 and 8 pg. The limits of quantification were estimated from sample chromatograms at the lowest spiked levels tested and normally were below 20 ng/L for SW and below 50 ng/L for EWW. The developed method was applied to the analysis of around forty water samples (river waters and effluent wastewaters) from the Spanish Mediterranean region. Almost all the pharmaceuticals selected in this work were detected, mainly in effluent wastewater. In both matrices, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators and quinolone antibiotics were the most detected groups.     

污水污泥空气气化特性的研究

利用外热式下吸固定床气化实验装置,以空气为气化剂对五种不同性质污泥的气化特性进行了研究。结果表明,升高气化温度有利于提高气化气的品质,气化气中CO、CH₄和H₂的含量和气化气热值随气化剂流量的减小而增加。污泥厌氧消化过程使气化气品质降低;污水处理工艺对污泥气化气组成和热值亦产生影响,其中连续SBR工艺的未消化污泥气化气中CO、CO₂的含量最高,而H₂、CH₄和C_mH_n的含量最低;活性污泥法的未消化污泥气化气中H₂和C_mH_n含量最高;A²/O工艺的未消化污泥气化气中CO、CO₂的含量最低,而CH₄的含量最高,且三个污水工艺污泥的气化气热值依次升高。     

Use of low current densities in electrolyses with conductive-diamond electrochemical — Oxidation to disinfect treated wastewaters for reuse

In the search for new disinfection technologies for reused water, in this work the effect of current density on the disinfection capability, during the electrolyses with conductive diamond anodes of the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. It was found that this electrolytic technology can disinfect completely for current densities ranging from 1.3 to 130 A m^{− 2}, but the disinfection rate and chlorine speciation are significantly affected by particular current density applied. In order to avoid the occurrence of non desired species, the lower value of this range is proposed. In those conditions, complete disinfection can be obtained and hypochlorite and chloramines are the main species, not being produced chlorate, perchlorate or organo-chlorinates species.     

Effects of low-level gamma irradiation on the characteristics of fermented pork sausage during storage

The effect of gamma irradiation (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kGy) on the quality of vacuum-packaged dry fermented sausages during refrigerated storage was evaluated. At Day 0 of irradiation, the pH, redness (CIE a^?), yellowness (CIE b^?), 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of samples irradiated at 2 and 4 kGy were higher (p<0.05), but the CIE L^? values (lightness) were lower than those of the non-irradiated control (p<0.05). At<1 kGy irradiation, however, the pH, CIE L^?, CIE a^? and CIE b^?-value of samples were not significantly influenced by irradiation. The CIE a^?, and CIE b^?-values of samples irradiated at 2 and 4 kGy decreased with the increase of storage time. The VBN, TBARS, and CIE L^?-values of samples irradiated at 4 kGy were not changed significantly during refrigerated storage for 90 days (p>0.05). The total plate counts (TPC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the samples irradiated at 4 kGy were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those with lower irradiation doses. At the end of storage, the TPC, coliform, and LAB in the samples were not increased after irradiation at 1, 0.5 and 1 kGy, respectively. TPC and LAB were not detected in samples irradiated at 4 kGy at Day 90. In addition, no coliform bacteria were found in samples irradiated at 1 kGy during refrigerated storage. Sensory evaluation indicated that the rancid flavor of samples irradiated at 4 kGy was significantly higher, but aroma and taste scores were lower than those of the control at Day 3 of storage. Irradiation of dry fermented sausages at 2 kGy was the best conditions to prolong the shelf-life and decrease the rancid flavor without significant quality deterioration.     

Fe(0)/Cu双金属还原与Fenton氧化集成工艺处理印染生化尾水树脂脱附液的研究

通过比较Fe(0)和Fe(0)/Cu还原工艺处理印染生化尾水树脂脱附液的效果,发现Fe(0)/Cu双金属还原对脱附液TOC和UV254去除率均优于Fe(0)。若将Fe(0)/Cu双金属还原与Fenton氧化工艺集成可以进一步提高处理效果。该组合工艺处理后,TOC去除率高达66%,UV254去除率高于90%,脱附液的BOD5/CODcr从低于0.1升高至0.38左右。由此可见,该组合工艺对复合功能树脂碱脱附液具有良好的处理效果,处理后废水的毒性降低,可生化性显著提高,为其返回生物系统进一步生化降解提供了较好的保证。     

同时测定无机离子的改良离子色谱法在河水和废水质量监控中的应用（英文）

In this study,our recent work on advanced ion chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of inorganic ionic species such as common anions(SO2-4,Cl-and NO-3) and cations(Na+,NH+4,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+),nutrients(phosphate and silicate) and hydrogen ion/alkalinity are summarized first.Then,the applications using these methods for monitoring environmental water quality are also presented.For the determination of common anions and cations with nutrients,the separation was successfully performed by a polymethacrylate-based weakly acidic cation-exchange column of TSKgel Super IC-A/C(Tosoh,150 mm×6.0 mm i.d.) and a mixture solution of 100 mmol/L ascorbic acid and 4 mmol/L 18-crown-6 as acidic eluent with dual detection of conductivity and spectrophotometry.For the determination of hydrogen ion/alkalinity,the separation was conducted by TSKgel ODS-100Z column(Tosoh,150 mm×4.5 mm i.d.) modified with lithium dodecylsulfate and an eluent of 40 mmol/L LiCl/0.1 mmol/L lithium dodecylsulfate/0.05 mmol/L H2SO4 with conductivity detector.The differences of ion concentration between untreated and treated wastewater showed the variation of ionic species during biological treatment process in a sewage treatment plant.Occurrence and distribution of water-quality conditions were related to the bioavailability and human activity in watershed.From these results,our advanced ion chromatographic methods have contributed significantly for water quality monitoring of environmental waters.     

Optimisation of an in-tube solid phase microextraction method coupled with HPLC for determination of some oestrogens in environmental liquid samples using different capillary columns

A simple on-line method for simultaneous determination of some oestrogens including oestriol (E3), norethisterone (NORE), ethynylestradiol (EE2), D-norgestrel (NORG) and bisphenol A (BPA), in environmental liquid samples was developed by coupling in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detectors. Two capillary chromatographic columns (Supel-Q? and Carboxen? 1006 porous layer open tubular) were selected to develop this method. To achieve optimum extraction performance, several parameters were investigated including number of draw/eject cycles and the sample volume for each of the columns. Reproducibility was satisfactory for inter- and intra-day precision, yielding % RSDs of less than 10% and 7.6%, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for the proposed method using a DAD detector were achieved in the ranges of 0.04–0.63?ng?mL^?1 and 0.12–1.9?ng?mL^?1, depending of the capillary column used. Fluorescence detection improved these parameters for E3, BPA and EE2, obtaining LODs of 0.005–0.03?ng?mL^?1 and LOQs of 0.015–0.08?ng?mL^?1 using Supel-Q and LODs of 0.01–0.015?ng?mL^?1 and LOQs of 0.025–0.04?ng?mL^?1 using Carboxen. The proposed method was successfully applied to spiked environmental waters obtaining recoveries greater than 80%.