An efficient Friedel-Crafts alkylation of nitrogen heterocycles catalyzed by antimony trichloride/montmorillonite K-10

It has been found that SbCl₃ supported on montmorillonite K-10 is an efficient and reusable catalyst for Friedel-Crafts alkylation of nitrogen heterocycles such as indoles and pyrroles with epoxides. The reaction gives the corresponding C-alkylated derivatives in good to excellent yields with a high regioselectivity.     

Reactions of Cyclic Anhydrides XIV. Facile Syntheses of Fused Heterocycles via Anilic Acids Pyridobenzoxazinones,Isoquinolinobenzoxazinones and Isocoumarinoquinolines

o-Carboxyhomomaleanilic acids (5) and o-carboxyhomophthalanilic acids (6) on treatment with sodium acetate-acetic anhydride furnished pyridobenzoxazinones (8) and isoquinolinobenzoxazinones (9) respectively in quantitative yields. Conversion of o-formylhomophthalanilic acid (7) to isocoumarinoquinoline (11) via 2-axo-3(o-carboxyphenyl)quinoline (10) is also described.     

Reductive ring opening of cis- and trans-2,3-diphenyloxirane: a common intermediate

The reaction of both cis- and trans-2,3-diphenyloxirane (7 and 4, respectively) with an excess of lithium and a catalytic amount of 4,4′-di-tert-butylbiphenyl (DTBB, 2.5 mol%) in the presence of different carbonyl compounds as electrophiles (Barbier conditions) in THF at temperatures ranging between −80 and −50 °C gives the same organolithium intermediate 5 and consequently, the same 1,3-diols 6. In the case of cis-epoxide an inversion of the configuration at the benzylic carbanionic center can explain the obtained results. Only for the dicyclopropyl ketone derivative (6h) some amount (14%) of the corresponding epimer (6′h) resulting from a process with retention of the configuration of the intermediate is obtained. In representative cases, the structure of the final products (6) was unequivocally determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Online ATR-IR investigations and mechanistic understanding of the carbonylation of epoxides - the selective synthesis of lactones or polyesters from epoxides and CO

In situ ATR-IR spectroscopy is applied as a powerful tool to study the factors that control the reaction of epoxides with carbon monoxide in the presence of [Lewis acid]⁺[Co(CO)₄]⁻ salts. Based on these investigations, a consistent mechanistic scheme is presented, comprising the main lactone and polyester products and minor components, e.g., acetone and crotonic acid derivatives. β-Alkoxy-acyl-cobalttetracarbonyl species are shown to be key intermediates from which two reaction routes start in dependence of the applied Lewis acid (LA). Labile LA-alkoxy combinations favor a backbiting process of the oxygen function on the Co-acyl bond, primarily producing lactone products. More stable LA-alkoxy entities are unreactive toward PO conversion and afford a polymerization reaction after the addition of a nucleophile. In that case, the Lewis acid remains bonded to the chain end.     

BF3·Et2O-catalyzed rearrangement of 7-epimeric 3β,7-diacetoxy-9β,11β-epoxy-5α-lanostanes. Formation of novel 19(10→9β)abeo- and 19(10→9β), 30(14→8α)bis-abeo-lanostane derivatives

The boron trifluoride etherate catalyzed reaction of 7-epimeric 3β,7-diacetoxy-9β,11β-epoxy-5α-lanostanes 1 and 2 in acetic anhydride resulted in the formation of a series of skeletally rearranged products, mainly 19(10→9β)abeo-lanostanes. 19(10→9β),30(14→8α)Bis-abeo-lanostane derivative 5 possessing a novel type of the triterpene skeleton was formed as the major product in the reaction of 7α-epimer 2. The direction and extent of rearrangements of 9β,11β-epoxides 1 and 2 depends on the configuration of the 7-acetoxy group. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods, mainly ¹H and ¹³C NMR. The structure of compound 5 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Samarium iodides catalyzed meso-epoxides ring opening by aromatic amines

Samarium diiodide catalyzes the ring opening of meso-epoxides by several aromatic amines affording β-aminoalcohols at room temperature. The use of bis-binaphthoxy iodo samarium allows an enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclohexene oxide by o-anisidine.     

二氧化碳与环氧化合物的三元共聚反应

用二氧化碳与环氧化合物共聚合反应制备脂肪族聚碳酸酯,是近几年化学利用二氧化碳研究的重要课题之一.其中最受关注的是二氧化碳与环氧丙烷共聚制备聚碳酸丙烯酯(PPC)和二氧化碳与环氧环己烷共聚制备聚碳酸环己烯酯(PCHC).但是,PPC和PCHC的热性能和力学性能欠佳,限制了它们的规模化生产与应用.利用二氧化碳与环氧化合物进行三元共聚是改善二氧化碳共聚物材料热性能和力学性能的有效途径之一,本文对此项研究的新进展进行了综述.