Correlated ESR, PL and TL studies on Sr5(PO4)3Cl:Eu thermoluminescence dosimetry phosphor

Electron spin resonance (ESR), thermoluminescence and photoluminescence studies in Eu²⁺ activated Sr₅(PO₄)₃Cl phosphor are reported in this paper. The Sr₅(PO₄)₃Cl:Eu²⁺ phosphor is twice as sensitive as the conventional CaSO₄:Dy phosphor used in thermoluminescence dosimetry of ionizing radiations. It has a linear response, simple glow curve, emission peaking at 456 nm. The defect centers formed in the Sr₅(PO₄)₃Cl:Eu²⁺phosphor are studied by using the technique of ESR. A dominant TL glow peak at 430 K with a smaller shoulder at 410 K is observed in the phosphor. ESR studies indicate the presence at three centers at room temperature. Step annealing measurements show a connection between one of the centers and the dominant glow peak at 430 K. The 430 K TL peak is well correlated with center I, which is tentatively identified as (PO₄)²⁻ radical.     

部分相干光在大气湍流中的到达角起伏

研究了部分相干高斯谢尔光束在大气湍流中的到达角起伏.主要采用湍流内外尺度的修正Von Karmon谱模型及广义惠更斯-菲涅尔原理和交叉谱密度函数推导出了部分相干光在大气湍流中的到达角起伏表达式.对比分析了湍流内外尺度、湍流强度、传输距离、源相干参数以及波长等参数对部分相干光在大气湍流水平路径上传输时的到达角起伏的影响.结果表明:随着传输距离的增加,到达角起伏越来越小;随着大气湍流内外尺度和源相干参数的增加,到达角起伏也越来越大;与部分相干光相比,完全相干光的到达角起伏受湍流影响很小;随着波长和湍流强度的减小,到达角起伏越来越小.     

激光诱导Mg等离子体电子温度的实验研究

利用波长为1 064 nm,最大能量为500 mJ的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器在室温,一个标准大气压下对Mg合金冲击,改变激光能量,得到相应的Mg等离子体特征谱线。分析谱线,发现谱线有不同的演化速率,同时得到了MgⅠ,MgⅡ离子谱线,证明此实验条件下,激光能量足够Mg合金靶材充分电离。选择了相对强度较大的MgⅠ 383.2 nm, MgⅠ 470.3 nm, MgⅠ 518.4 nm三条激发谱线,利用这些发射谱线的相对强度计算了等离子体的电子温度,激光能量为500 mJ时,等离子体温度为1.63×104 K。实验结果表明：在本实验条件下,Mg原子可以得到充分激发;在200～500 mJ激光能量范围内,等离子体温度随着激光能量的降低而衰减,在350～500 mJ激光能量范围内的等离子体温度随激光能量的变化速度十分明显,200～350 mJ时等离子体温度变化速度迅速减缓;激光能量为300 mJ时,谱线相对强度明显减弱,低于350和250 mJ的谱线相对强度,不符合谱线相对强度会随着激光能量提高而上升的变化趋势,证明发生了等离子体屏蔽现象,高功率激光产生的等离子体隔断了激光与材料之间的耦合。此时的等离子体温度明显升高,不符合变化趋势,这是由于在发生等离子体屏蔽现象时,激光能量被等离子体吸收,导致等离子体温度上升。     

Spin-Dependent Transport and Densities of States in Non-collinear Magnetic Barriers

The spin-dependent transport properties in the non-collinear pattern of series of δ-magnetic barriers are studied by using scattering theory and Green＇s function methods. The Green＇s function is obtained by using distorted wave approach and the scattering matrix is related by Fisher-Lee relationship. In addition to reproducing the results of Papp＇s and Xu＇s in parallel and antiparallel configurations, we also obtain further results, where arbitrary orientations of the magnetic barriers and arbitrary number of barriers are included. The main finding of our results is that the signs of polarizations can be switched around some ＂geometric unpolarized windows＂. The well-known antiparallel configuration has no such characteristics. Furthermore, we discuss spin-related partial densities of states in both polarized and unpolarized structures.     

Ab initio calculations of accurate dissociation energy and analytic potential energy function for the second excited state B1∏ of 7LiH

The reasonable dissociation limit of the second excited singlet state B¹∏ of ⁷LiH molecule is obtained. The accurate dissociation energy and equilibrium geometry of the B¹\Pi state are calculated using a symmetry-adapted-cluster configuration--interaction method in full active space. The whole potential energy curve for the B¹∏ state is obtained over the internuclear distance ranging from about 0.10nm to 0.54nm, and has a least-square fit to the analytic Murrell--Sorbie function form. The vertical excitation energy is calculated from the ground state to the B¹∏ state and compared with previous theoretical results. The equilibrium internuclear distance obtained by geometry optimization is found to be quite different from that obtained by single-point energy scanning under the same calculation condition. Based on the analytic potential energy function, the harmonic frequency value of the B¹∏ state is estimated. A comparison of the theoretical calculations of dissociation energies, equilibrium interatomic distances and the analytic potential energy function with those obtained by previous theoretical results clearly shows that the present work is more comprehensive and in better agreement with experiments than previous theories, thus it is an improvement on previous theories.     

量子数字签名研究进展

量子数字签名是量子理论与经典数字签名的结合,其目的是利用量子效应达到无条件安全的信息交互。介绍了目前提出的几种量子数字签名协议,详细分析了这几种协议的优缺点和效率,提出了量子数字签名协议设计的具体要求,并展望了此领域今后的发展方向。     

The evolution of catalytic function

It is very likely that the main driving force of enzyme evolution is the requirement to improve catalytic and regulatory efficiency which results from the intrinsic performance as well as from the spatial and functional organization of enzymes in living cells.Kinetic co-operativity may occur in simple monomeric proteins if they display “slow” conformational transitions, at the cost of catalytic efficiency. Oligomeric enzymes on the other hand can be both efficient and co-operative. We speculate that the main reason for the emergence of co-operative oligomeric enzymes is the need for catalysts that are both cooperative and efficient. As it is not useful for an enzyme to respond to a change of substrate concentration in a complex kinetic way, the emergence of symmetry has its probable origin in a requirement for “functional simplicity”.In a living cell, enzyme are associated with other macromolecules and membranes. The fine tuning of their activity may also be reached through mutations of the microenvironment. Our hypothesis is that these mutations are related to the vectorial transport of molecules, to achieve the hysteresis loops of enzyme reactions generated by the coupling of reaction and diffusion, through the co-operativity brought about by electric interactions between a charged substrate and a membrane, and last but not least, through oscillations. As the physical origins of these effects are very simple and do not require complex molecular devices, it is very likely that the functional advantage generated by the spatial and functional organization of enzyme molecules within the cell have appeared in prebiotic catalysis or very early during the primeval stages of biological evolution.We shall began this paper by presenting the nature of the probable earliest catalysts in the RNA world.     

EPR study of Cu(II) dopant ions in single crystals of bis(l-asparaginato)Zn(II)

We report an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study at 33.9 GHz and room temperature of oriented single crystal samples of bis(l-asparaginato)Zn(II) doped with Cu(II). The variation of the spectra with magnetic field orientation was measured in three crystal planes (a*b, bc and a*c, with a*=b×c). These spectra display two groups of four peaks arising from the hyperfine interaction with the I_Cu=3/2 nuclear spins of copper. They were assigned to Cu(II) ions in two lattice sites related by a 180° rotation around the b-crystal axis. The g and hyperfine coupling (A) tensors of the Cu(II) ions were evaluated from the single crystal data. Some indeterminacy in the assignment of the signals was avoided measuring the EPR spectrum of a powder sample. Their principal values are g₁=2.060(1), g₂=2.068(2), g₃=2.283(2), and A₁≈0.1×10⁻⁴, A₂=13×10⁻⁴ and A₃=165×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹. The eigenvectors corresponding to g₃ and A₃ are coincident within the experimental error; the other eigenvectors are rotated 5.6° in the perpendicular plane. Considering the crystal structure of bis(l-asparaginato)Zn(II), our EPR results indicate that the Cu(II) impurities replace Zn(II) ions in the host crystal. We propose a molecular model based on the EPR data and the structural information, and analyse the results comparing the measured values with those obtained in similar systems.     

Structural studies of Cr-doped mullite derived from single-phase precursors

Cr-doped mullites were prepared from single-phase precursors containing up to 9.60 wt% Cr₂O₃ using a sol-gel technique followed by thermal treatment. Particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction were used to characterize the samples. Mullites were orthorhombic, space group Pbam. Cr doping caused the increase of unit-cell parameters. Strongest expansion was noticed along c-axis followed by a and b (Δc/c=0.089, Δa/a=0.061, Δb/b=0.045% per mole Cr₂O₃). A second phase, namely θ-(Al,Cr)₂O₃, was revealed by XRD in the sample containing 9.60 wt% Cr₂O₃. The structure of mullites was refined by the Rietveld method, location of Cr³⁺ was performed by the EPR spectroscopy. At low chromium doping level (Cr₂O₃ content less than ∼5 wt%) Cr³⁺ ions were substituted for Al³⁺ in the AlO₆ octahedra of the mullite structure (M1 site). For higher doping level, Cr³⁺ ions were additionally substituted for Al³⁺ in the AlO₆ octahedra of the second phase [θ-(Al,Cr)₂O₃ at 1400 °C, or α-(Al,Cr)₂O₃ at 1600 °C] which segregated in the system. Substitution of Cr³⁺ for Al³⁺ on M1 site in the mullite structure resulted in increase of average distances in (M1)O₆ octahedron and decrease of average distances in T*O₄ tetrahedron, while average distances in TO₄ tetrahedron stayed almost constant.     

A detailed study of Mathieu-Gauss beams propagation through an apertured ABCD optical system

Using Collins formula and the expansion of Mathieu beams in terms of Bessel beams we derive the exact propagation equations of Mathieu-Gauss beams through an apertured paraxial ABCD optical system. A comparison between the exact propagation equations and the approximated ones, which are derived by expanding the circ function into a finite sum of Gaussian functions, is presented. The propagation characteristics of zeroth-order Mathieu-Gauss beams in (y-z) and (x-z) planes are analyzed with detailed numerical calculations. It is found that the profile of the propagated Mathieu-Gauss beam is similar to that of Bessel-Gauss beam. Furthermore, the focalization of the Mathieu-Gauss beams through a thin lens is illustrated and analyzed with numerical results.