全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4220篇 |
免费 | 188篇 |
国内免费 | 460篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2256篇 |
晶体学 | 23篇 |
力学 | 35篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 85篇 |
物理学 | 2468篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 83篇 |
2022年 | 53篇 |
2021年 | 81篇 |
2020年 | 63篇 |
2019年 | 72篇 |
2018年 | 83篇 |
2017年 | 79篇 |
2016年 | 110篇 |
2015年 | 107篇 |
2014年 | 143篇 |
2013年 | 255篇 |
2012年 | 156篇 |
2011年 | 284篇 |
2010年 | 183篇 |
2009年 | 273篇 |
2008年 | 262篇 |
2007年 | 350篇 |
2006年 | 313篇 |
2005年 | 212篇 |
2004年 | 194篇 |
2003年 | 154篇 |
2002年 | 135篇 |
2001年 | 127篇 |
2000年 | 141篇 |
1999年 | 129篇 |
1998年 | 141篇 |
1997年 | 93篇 |
1996年 | 61篇 |
1995年 | 67篇 |
1994年 | 56篇 |
1993年 | 56篇 |
1992年 | 39篇 |
1991年 | 38篇 |
1990年 | 33篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 25篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有4868条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Z. AliIftikhar Ahmad B. AminM. Maqbool G. MurtazaI. Khan M.J. AkhtarF. Ghaffor 《Physica B: Condensed Matter》2011,406(20):3800-3804
The structural and magnetic properties of cubic perovskites, PrCoO3 and NdCoO3, are studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the frame work of density functional theory (DFT). The structural parameters are also investigated by analytical techniques. The calculated structural parameters are consistent with the experimental results. The strong hybridization of the O-2p, Co-3d and Pr/Nd-4 f states around the Fermi level reveals that these compounds are metallic. It is also found that the origin of ferromagnetism in these compounds is double-exchange interaction between Co-3d states via O-2p states (Co-O-Co). 相似文献
992.
A. SheoranA. Agarwal S. Sanghi V.P. SethS.K. Gupta M. Arora 《Physica B: Condensed Matter》2011,406(23):4505-4511
Glasses with composition xWO3·(30−x)M2O·70B2O3 (M=Li, Na; 0≤x≤15) doped with 2 mol% V2O5 have been prepared using the melt-quench technique. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra have been recorded in X-band (ν≈9.14 GHz) at room temperature (RT). The spin Hamiltonian parameters, dipolar hyperfine coupling parameter and Fermi contact interaction parameter have been calculated. It is observed that the resultant resonance spectra contain hyperfine structures (hfs) only due to V4+ ions, which exist as VO2+ ions in octahedral coordination with a tetragonal compression in the present glass system. The tetragonality increases with WO3:M2O ratio and also there is an expansion of 3dxy orbit of unpaired electron in the vanadium ion. The study of IR transmission spectra over a range 400-4000 cm−1 depicts the presence of WO6 group. The DC conductivity (σ) has been measured in the temperature range 423-623 K and is found to be predominantly ionic. 相似文献
994.
Janis Kliava Irina EdelmanOxana Ivanova Ruslan IvantsovEleonora Petrakovskaja Louis HennetDominique Thiaudière Marie-Louise Saboungi 《Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials》2011,323(5):451-460
We report electron magnetic resonance (EMR) and magnetooptical studies of borate glasses of molar composition 22.5K2O-22.5Al2O3-55B2O3 co-doped with low concentrations of Fe2O3 and MnO. In as-prepared samples the paramagnetic ions, as a rule, are in diluted state. However, in the case where the ratio of the iron and manganese oxides in the charge is 3/2, magnetic nanoparticles with characteristics close to those of manganese ferrite are formed already at the first stage of the glass preparation, as evidenced by both magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and EMR. After thermal treatment all glasses show characteristic MCD and EMR spectra, attesting to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles, predominantly including iron ions. Preliminary EXAFS measurements at the Fe K-absorption edge show an emergence of nanoparticles with a structure close to MnFe2O4 after annealing the glasses at 560 °C.By computer simulating the EMR spectra at variable temperatures, a superparamagnetic nature of relatively broad size and shape distribution with the average diameter of ca. 3-4 nm. The characteristic temperature-dependent shift of the apparent resonance field is explained by a strong temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy in the nanoparticles.The formation of magnetic nanoparticles confers to the potassium-alumina-borate glasses magnetic and magneto-optical properties typical of magnetically ordered substances. At the same time, they remain transparent in a part of the visible and near infrared spectral range and display a high Faraday rotation value. 相似文献
995.
The formation and co-existence of crystallographically modulated and non-modulated regions in (Ba,Sr)2TiSi2O8 fresnoites is reviewed, particularly the dependence on local composition. It is shown that perturbations of the average fresnoite structure, determined from appreciable single crystals, are in some cases better described as nanometric domain intergrowths where departures from ideal stoichiometry are characteristics of incommensuration, while modulation is absent from volumes that are less perturbed chemically. Evidence for this differentiation is obtained from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images. The domains are readily distinguished by their unique contrast in bright field electron micrographs. Fourier reconstructions of HRTEM images collected from areas with darker contrast show that modulation can change within relatively small volumes. Nearby areas with lighter contrast were found by SAED to be free of structural disorder and incommensurate reflections. 相似文献
996.
The hydrogen bonding pattern in complexes of the type [M2+(H2O)6](dmax)2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Hdmax = 1,3-dimethyl-8-azaxanthine), [M2+(H2O)4(py)2](dmax)2 (M = Mn, Co, Zn, Cd, py = pyridine) and [M2+(dmax)2(H2O)2(py)2]·2H2O (M = Ni, Cu) were studied by ab initio (MP2/LANL2DZ//B3LYP/LANL2DZ) and density functional theory methods (B3LYP/LANL2DZ, B3LYP/6-31G∗∗ and B3PW91/6-31G∗∗). The investigation includes a variety of theoretical analyses, which include interaction energy, many body analyses, electron density analysis, topological analysis, Mulliken atomic charges, natural atomic charges and harmonic vibrational analysis. The geometrical parameters and vibrational frequencies of dmax (the mono anion of 1,3-dimethyl-8-azaxanthine), [M2+(H2O)6] (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd), [M2+(H2O)4·(py)2] (M = Mn, Co, Zn, Cd) and the complexes, calculated by the theoretical methods, were compared with the recent X-ray crystallographic results and it was observed that the results are found to agree well with the crystallographic results. The present calculations provide an important physicochemical insight into metal cations with 1,3-dimethyl-8-azaxanthine. The results also reveal the active role of coordinated water molecules in modulating the binding of the cation through a specific network of hydrogen bonds. The topology of the motifs generated by these hydrogen bonds has been characterized, adapting to the second coordination sphere concepts usually applied to the first (monodentate, chelate, and bridge) coordination sphere. The optimized structures of the Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ complexes further interact among themselves in a less tight fashion to generate three dimensional structures (a tape-like hydrogen bond network). Finally these tape-like hydrogen bond network were optimized using the B3LYP/LANL2DZ basis set. 相似文献
997.
Du-Cheng TsaiYen-Lin Huang Sheng-Ru LinDe-Ru Jung Shou-Yi ChangFuh-Sheng Shieu 《Applied Surface Science》2011,257(11):4923-4927
In this study, 15 nm-thick sputter-deposited TiVCr alloy thin films were developed as diffusion barrier layers for Cu interconnects. The TiVCr alloy film tends to form a solid solution and a simple crystal structure from the constituted elements. Under TEM, the 15 nm-thick as-deposited TiVCr alloy film was observed to have a dense semi-amorphous or nanocrystalline structure. In conjunction with X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses, the Si/TiVCr/Cu film stack remained stable at a high temperature of 700 °C for 30 min. The electrical resistance of Si/TiVCr/Cu film stack remained as low as the as-deposited value. These indicated that the mixed TiVCr refractory elements’ alloy barrier layer is very beneficial to prevent Cu diffusion. 相似文献
998.
CrSiN coatings were deposited on stainless steel (Grade: SA304) and silicon Si(1 0 0) substrates, with varying argon-nitrogen gas proportions and deposition temperature, using reactive magnetron sputtering technique in the present work. The influence of sputtering (Ar) and reactive gas proportions (N2) and temperature on the structural properties of the CrSiN coating was investigated. A small amount of silicon content (3.67 at.% Si) plays a crucial role in addition to the nitrogen content for the formation of different phases in the CrSiN coatings as observed in the present work. For example, the coating with comparatively low nitrogen content, 40% N2, during deposition, formed a crystalline structure consisting of nano-crystalline CrN which is separated by an amorphous SiN phase, as evident from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The formation of CrN(1 1 1) and Cr2N(1 1 1) phases has occurred at 30% N2 with 3.67% Si content, which transformed in to CrN(1 1 1) and CrN(2 0 0) with increase in N2 content but with same Si content. The surface topography and morphology of the coatings were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. A less columnar growth is observed in CrSiN coatings deposited at low argon content, Ar:N2 (20:80), and with 3.67 at.% Si in the coatings. However, it becomes dense with increase in nitrogen content and temperature. The XRD analysis showed that the intensity of a dominating peak (1 1 1) is decreasing from (80:20) to (60:40) argon:nitrogen environment. With a further increase of nitrogen content, from (60:40), in the sputtering gas mixture, to (40:60) argon-nitrogen, there is a sudden increase in (1 1 1) peak and above (40:60), the peak reduction rate is very slow than the previous one. The (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) peak intensity variations are very limited due to high nitrogen content, above 50%, and considerable amount of Si atoms, 3.67 at.%, present in the CrN coatings. 相似文献
999.
Electron transfer behavior at polyoxometalate-adsorbed alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yeonyi ChuJandee Kim Suhee ChoiChoong Kyun Rhee Jongwon Kim 《Applied Surface Science》2011,257(22):9490-9497
The interaction between polyoxometalate (POM) anions, SiMo12O404−, and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of dodecanethiol (DT) on Au surfaces was investigated using electrochemical methods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. The SiMo12O404− ions adsorb on the SAM of DT on Au to form a composite organic-inorganic hybrid layer. The adsorbed SiMo12O404− ion on the SAM layer shows its characteristic redox waves with an electron transfer rate slower than that on a bare Au electrode. The electron transfer behavior at DT−SAM could be regulated by the adsorption of SiMo12O404− depending on the charge of the investigated electroactive species: a significant increase toward a positively charged Ru(NH3)63+ ion, a moderate increase toward a neutral 1,1′-ferrocenedimethanol molecule and a slight decrease toward a negatively charged Fe(CN)63− ion. The effect of the chain length of alkanethiols on the adsorption of SiMo12O404− ion was also investigated: as the chain length decreases, the amount of the adsorbed POM increases and the electron transfer rate through the composite layers increases. The nature of SiMo12O404− ions adsorbed on the SAMs of alkanethiols on Au is discussed in detail. 相似文献
1000.
Yongzhe Zhang Jooyoung Chung Juneyoung Lee Jihyun Myoung Sangwoo Lim 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2011,72(12):1548-1553
ZnO nanospheres were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal process (S1 sample) and a wet-chemical method (S2 sample). Following synthesis, calcination treatment at 450 °C was performed for the sample prepared by the wet-chemical method (S3 sample). All of the samples possessed a regular spherical shape. A polycrystalline wurtzite structure was confirmed in the S1 and S3 samples by X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction, whereas a mixture of ZnO nanoparticles and amorphous materials was observed in the sample S2. The surface area and pore structure of the samples were investigated by nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. Uniform nanopores with a diameter of 4.07 nm were present in the S1 sample while a broad pore size distribution was obtained for the S2 and S3 samples. The highest surface area was obtained for the S1 sample and a possible formation mechanism was studied. 相似文献