Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Magnetic Performance of Ni-Fe-P Alloy Obtained by Electroless Plating

The electroless deposition of Ni68-Fe10.5-P21.5 alloy has been investigated. The crystallization behavior of the deposit was comparatively studied by using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry. The deposit transforms into a square Ni3P phase at 380. 0 ℃, then changes into a cubic FeNi3 phase at 490. 0 ℃. The microhardness, the size of the formed grains and the magnetic performance of the deposit increase with the increase of the heat treatment temperature below 500 ℃, then they decrease after this temperature. The effect of heat treatment time at 500 ℃ on the surface micromorphology, the structure and the magnetic performance of the deposit were also studied. The resuits show that with the increase of heat treatment time, the extent of crystallization of the deposit increases and the size of the formed grains becomes uniform. The results also show that the magnetic performance of the deposit under heat treatment for 40 min is maximal and then decreases with the increase of heat treatment time. The property change of the deposit is related to the crystal structure and the size of the formed grains of the deposit.     

Laser assisted selective chemical metalization of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> films

Thick aluminum oxide films are prepared on Al plates by anodizing. On the ceramic surface thus obtained a very thin Ag film is deposited via vacuum thermal evaporation. The Ag/Al₂O₃/Al samples prepared are irradiated by Nd:YAG laser through a suitable metal mask in order to remove the top metal film in the exposed areas. Thus, a negative silver image of the copied mask is obtained. Further, the samples are processed in Ni electroless chemical bath activated by the rest of silver. All processing steps are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EDS X-ray mapping is applied to study the final distribution of Al and Ni in the processed areas. In addition, the DC conductivity of the fabricated Ni wires obtained is measured. The proposed new method for selective chemical deposition of electroconductive Ni onto laser microstructured Ag/Al₂O₃/Al samples is simple, versatile and not restricted to the metal/ceramic system studied as well as to the electroless deposited metal.     

化学镀镍—高磷合金的微观结构及晶化行为研究

采用混合络合剂在酸性体系中进行化学镀镍－高磷合金,并用原子力显微镜（AFM）,透射电镜（TEM）、差热分析（DSC）、X射线衍射（XRD）等技术研究所得到的化学镀镍－高磷合金的微观结构和晶化行为。结果表明,化学镀镍－高磷合金具有胞状结构的微观形貌,镀态时呈典型的非晶态结构,300℃以下对热非常。镀层在343．8℃开始晶化,400℃时完全转化成亚稳用Ni5P2,440.4 ℃,时进一步转变成稳定的Ni和Ni3P相其晶化行为同从碱性乙二胺镀液中得到的高磷化学镀镍层有明显的差异。     

Experimental study of asphaltene deposition in transparent microchannels using the light absorption method

This study focuses on an experimental investigation of asphaltene deposition in a vertical transparent microchannel. Heptane-induced asphaltene precipitation is utilized to precipitate dissolved asphaltene in crude oil into asphaltene particles at ambient temperature and standard atmospheric pressure. These asphaltene particles deposit gradually on the surface of microchannels. The key parameters that influence the mechanism of asphaltene deposition are the ratio of crude oil to n-heptane and experimental elapsed time. At a constant flowrate, the amount of asphaltene deposited on a transparent channel wall is quantified using a new flow visualization technique based on reflected light intensity and image analysis. Asphaltene precipitation and deposition strongly affect the reflected light intensity through the change of mixture color in the recorded images. Experimental results show that asphaltene deposition process follows three stages, (i) slow asphaltene particle deposition at the beginning of the experiment, (ii) a rapid and continuous deposition occurring after few hours and (iii) a slower deposition (decreasing deposition rate) at the end of the experimentation. The experimental results for different crude oil to n-heptane ratios illustrate that deposition increases with this ratio, i.e. increasing concentration of n-heptane. An empirical equation is developed to correlate the intensity of the light absorption to the thickness of the deposited asphaltene in a transparent microchannel. Non-uniform deposition along the longitudinal direction of the microchannel is characterized. Deposits decrease with increasing longitudinal distance from the inlet. This non-uniform deposition distribution is due to local mass transport limitations and asphaltene aggregation size effect.     

STORM DEPOSITS IN THE CHANGJIANG DELTA

Based on over 10 years' field survey and laboratory work, it has been confirmed that a series of storm deposits have been developed on different geomorphological and sedimentological zones in the Changjiang Delta, covering marsh lowland, shelly and sandy cheniers, tidal flats, the delta front and prodelta. The storm deposit model of the Changjiang Delta is particularly characterized by the hummocky cross stratification found above the normal wave base.     

中国西南山区第四纪冰川堆积物工程地质分类探讨

中国的大陆冰川堆积物几乎都属于巨粒土或块石（漂石）土、碎石土,但因复杂的物质组成和组构特征,各地或同一地区不同成因类型（冰碛、冰水）的堆积物具有极为不同的工程地质性质,其地质体稳定性和地质灾害的易发性存在着显著的差异。我国已有的工程分类框架不能满足当代冰川堆积物甚至其他碎石土（巨粒土）的工程地质和地质灾害研究的需要。中国西南山区冰川堆积物的物质成分、细观结构等的野外调查和室内测试分析结果表明,冰川堆积物的物质成分和组构特征主要表现为：颗粒组成的不均一性和多元性、组构单元的双元性、结构的无序性和胶结性等。冰川堆积物的物质成分和组构特征与其工程性质具有密切的关系,是冰川堆积物工程地质分类的基础。本文探讨了中国西南山区冰川堆积物的工程地质分类问题,提出基于胶结程度和粒度组成的二级分类方案,对冰川堆积物及其他块（漂）石土的工程地质研究和工程实践具有一定指导意义。     

P110油管钢表面镀Cu与镀Ni-P摩擦磨损性能的比较

在P110油管钢表面分别制备了Cu镀层和Ni-P镀层,采用SEM、EDS和STM等方法对比研究了P110油管钢基体、Cu镀层和Ni-P镀层的摩擦磨损性能,分析了磨痕形貌、磨损率和摩擦系数的异同,探讨了磨损机理.结果表明:Cu镀层和Ni-P镀层的耐磨性均明显优于P110油管钢基体,且Ni-P镀层的耐磨性优于Cu镀层;P110油管钢基体的磨痕呈磨坑形貌,磨损机理为剥层磨损和磨粒磨损;Cu镀层的磨痕表面附着Cu磨屑,磨屑受压发生塑形变形,磨损机理为疲劳磨损和黏着磨损;Ni-P镀层的磨痕呈细小的犁沟形貌,磨损机理为轻微磨粒磨损.     

摩擦温度对Ni—P基复合刷镀层摩擦学性能的影响

为了考察摩擦温度对Ni-P基复合镀层摩擦学性能的影响,作者按球-盘接触形式推导出了计算摩擦温度的数学表达式,其对Ni-P/WC和Ni-P/BN及Ni-P/MoS_2等几种复合镀层摩擦温度的计算结果与试样表面层的硬度分布显示了良好的对应性。磨损试验结果表明,特别在高PV值的情况下,Ni-P基复合镀层的摩擦学性能主要受摩擦温度的影响。这是因为Ni-P基复合镀层在镀态下呈非晶态组织,受热发生晶化反应后会使硬度上升,但温度过高时硬度却又下降。因此,镀层硬度是依摩擦温度的高低及其在镀层中的梯度分布而呈现出不同的分布特征,从而揭示了Ni-P/WC复合镀层在高PV值条件下显示良好固体润滑性能的原因。     

Process and performance of hot dip zinc coatings containing ZnO and Ni-P under layers as barrier protection

A new coating system of under layer for hot dip zinc coating was explored as an effective coating for steel especially for application in relatively high aggressive environments. The influence of different barrier layers formed prior to hot dip galvanization was investigated to optimize high performance protective galvanic coatings. The deposition of ZnO and Ni-P inner layers and characteristics of hotdip zinc coatings were explored in this study. The coating morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The hot dip zinc coatings containing under layer showed substantial improvement in their properties such as good adhesion, and high hardness. In addition, a decrease in the thickness of the coating layer and an enhancement of the corrosion resistance were found. Open circuit potential (OCP) of different galvanized layers in different corrosive media viz. 5% NaCl and 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solutions at 25 ± 1 °C was measured as a function of time. A nobler OCP was exhibited for samples treated with ZnO and Ni than sample of pure Zn; this indicates a dissolution process followed by passivation due to the surface oxide formation. The high negative OCP can be attributed to the better alloying reaction between Zn and Fe and to the sacrificial nature of the top pure zinc layer.     

Nano-deformation of a Ni-P coating surface after nanoparticle impacts

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has become a primary planarization technique required for the manufacture of a computer hard disk substrate. In CMP, erosive wear, which is regarded as one of the wear mechanisms underlying the interaction between the abrasive particles and polished surfaces, can occur when materials are removed by the surface collision of particles which are carried by a fluid medium. A fundamental understanding of the process in which nanoparticles impact on the surface of the nickel-phosphorous (Ni-P) coating plated on the computer hard disk substrate is important to the control and preventing of surface defects during CMP. In this study, a cylindrical liquid jet containing de-ionized water and SiO₂ nanoparticles impacts obliquely on the surface of Ni-P coating at a speed of 10 m/s. Microscopic examinations of the impacted surface are performed using a high resolution transmission electron microscope, an atomic force microscope, etc. Experimental results indicate that craters and scratches in the surface have taken place after nanoparticle impacts, and crystal grains in nano-scale and an element phosphorus concentration can be found in the sub-surface layer of the impacted surface.