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11.
《Arabian Journal of Chemistry》2022,15(3):103668
The societal cost of micronutrient deficiency (MND) or the “hidden hunger” is in millions of dollars/year, reducing the GDP of some countries by as much as 11%. Zn is an important micronutrient for both plants and animals. An estimated 17% of the world population, or around 1.1 billion people, are at the risk of zinc (Zn) deficiency. The deficiency has been related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, stunted growth, premature deaths, immune system dysfunctions, neuro-behavioral disorders, and recently with the failure to recover from COVID-19. These health risks associated with Zn deficiency have compelled FAO and WHO to recommend Zn fortification of diet. Correcting Zn deficiency is a challenge due to several reasons. Close to half of the agricultural soils are Zn deficient, and chemical Zn fertilizers are costly and ineffective. Developing Zn-rich crops through plant breeding and genetic engineering is challenging. Zn-dense diet is costly and cannot be implemented in the low-income region most affected by Zn deficiency. Lack of consensus among regulatory bodies on defining and diagnosing Zn deficiency in plants and Humans. Awareness and other sociocultural issues. Among the most important available solutions are zinc biofortification of the cereal crops, use of zinc biofertilizers, development of Zn-efficient crops with reduced phytate content. The use of Zn supplements, dietary modification, and diversification, especially with fish, are proposed as the most accessible and affordable solutions. Awareness programs in areas suffering the most from Zn deficiency are required. Despite the suggestions from FAO and WHO, global efforts to combat Zn deficiency matching those for combating diseases like HIV are not in place. Coordinated efforts of the international community, especially policy-makers, agricultural scientists, dieticians, physicians, and others, are required to address the issue of hidden hunger. 相似文献
12.
The effects of five polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds of different molecular weight on the thermal stability of penicillin
G acylase (PGA) obtained from a mutant ofEscherichia coli ATCC 11105 have been investigated. The molecular weights of PEG compounds were 400, 4000, 6000, 10,000, and 15,000. The thermal
inactivation mechanisms of both native and PEG-containing PGA were considered to obey first order inactivation kinetics during
prolonged heat treatments. Optimal concentrations of PEGs at molecular weights of 400,4000, 6000,10,000, and 15,000 were found
to be 250,150,150,100, and 50 mM, respectively. The greatest enhancement of thermostability was observed with PEG 4000 and
PEG 6000, as a nearly 20-fold increase above 50°C. PGA showed almost the same temperature activity profile and optimal temperature
values both in the presence and absence of PEG. The addition of PEGs did not cause any change in the optimal temperature value
of PGA, but the parametersV
m
,K
m
, the activation energy, and thek
cat
values of enzyme were markedly decreased because of the mixed inhibition by PEG compounds. The type of inhibition was found
to be hyperbolic uncompetitive. 相似文献
13.
Graziano Bonetti Patrick Pibarot Alain Chaintreau Jean Paul Marion 《Journal of separation science》1992,15(5):305-306
The use of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as a flavor solvent is restricted. Since existing methods of quantitation are tedious or require sophisticated multi-dimensional GC instrumentation, a simple method has been developed using low cost GC-MS. Monitoring of ions 31 and 45 enables quantitation of DEGEE in essential oils at levels down to 1 μg/g with accuracy equal to or better than 15%. 相似文献
14.
15.
The synthesis of oligoethylene glycols of defined lengths possessing different end functionalities is described. The utility of these molecules towards the development of a generic membrane anchor is demonstrated. 相似文献
16.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure Determination of Lead(II) Oxide Halide Alcoholates with Different Connectivity of Pb4O4 Heterocubane‐like Subunits The reaction of red lead(II) oxide (Litharge) and lead(II) halide (Cl? and Br?) with diethylene glycole at a temperature of 180 °C leads to the isotypic compounds [Pb6(C4H8O3)O2Cl6] (1) and [Pb6(C4H8O3)O2Br6] (2) . In a similar synthesis with PbI2 as educt at temperature of 160 °C the two modifications β‐[Pb6(C4H8O3)O2I6] (3) and α‐[Pb6(C4H8O3)O2I6] (4) were found, whereas at a reaction temperature of 180 °C [Pb9(C2H4O2)(C4H8O3)O3I8] (5) was surprisingly obtained as product. The X‐ray diffraction data show that at a temperature of 180 °C a splitting of the ether took place. The cited compounds show cubane like subunits built by lead and oxygen atoms. These fragments are connected by alkoholate molecules. In 5 additionally an I6 octahedra centered by lead is observed. 相似文献
17.
18.
Kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycolysis by diethylene glycol. I. Evolution of liquid and solid phases 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The kinetics of uncatalysed glycolysis, at 220 °C, of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by diethylene glycol (DEG) in high excess has been studied. An experimental device allowing good separation, at reaction temperature, of the solid and liquid phases was set up.The results suggest that PET is initially depolymerized in the slightly swollen solid phase, by glycolysis of the amorphous interlamellar chains. This mechanism continues until a solid phase of highly crystallized polyester is obtained.The internal tensions engendered by this chemical modification cause cracks, delamination and mechanical disintegration of the polymer. The transfer towards the liquid phase is then strongly accelerated and the solvolysis of the depolymerization products continues in the liquid phase, up to equilibrium. 相似文献
19.
Yu Li Bijaya Thapa Hua Zhang Xuefei Li Fanghua Yu Eun-Kee Jeong Zhigang Yang Zhong-Xing Jiang 《Tetrahedron》2013
A family of fluorinated gemini surfactants derived from perfluoropinacol has been synthesized as novel 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) agents. These fluorinated surfactants with 12 symmetric fluorine atoms and one singlet 19F MR peak can be conveniently prepared from perfluoropinacol and oligo(ethylene glycols) on multi-gram scales. Solubility, hydrophilicity (log P), and critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurements of these fluorinated surfactants indicated that high aqueous solubility can be achieved by introducing oligo(ethylene glycols) with appropriate length into perfluoropinacol, i.e., manipulating the fluorine content (F%). One of these fluorinated surfactants with high aqueous solubility and excellent 19F MR properties has been identified by 19F MRI phantom experiments as a promising 19F MRI agent. 相似文献
20.
Wanderson Romão Yuri E. Corilo Márcia A.S. Spinacé 《Polymer Degradation and Stability》2009,94(10):1849-1859
1H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS measurements were used to study the thermo-mechanical and thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms of bottle-grade PET (btg-PET). In the thermo-oxidative degradation, the concentration of low molar mass compounds increased with time and the main products were cyclic and linear di-acid oligomers. In the thermo-mechanical degradation, the main-chain scission reactions affect the stability of the cyclic oligomers. One of the most important bottle-grade PET co-monomers is diethylene glycol (DEG), which is a “reactive site” in the thermal degradation of btg-PET. The DEG co-monomer was shown to be the precursor to colour changes in btg-PET, owing to the attack by molecular oxygen on the methylenic protons adjacent to the ether oxygen atoms of DEG. This behaviour was observed in the thermo-oxidative degradation process in which the degradation of DEG causes the release of hydroxyl radicals in the polymeric matrix, thereby producing mono- and di-hydroxyl substituted species. This was also observed in the thermo-mechanical degradation process. 相似文献