Natural convection boundary layer flow of fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity from a horizontal elliptical cylinder with constant surface heat flux

This study deals with the temperature-dependent viscosity effects on the natural convection boundary layer on a horizontal elliptical cylinder with constant surface heat flux. The mathematical problem is reduced to a pair of coupled partial differential equations for the temperature and the stream function, and the resulting nonlinear equations are solved numerically by cubic spline collocation method. Results for the heat transfer characteristics are presented as functions of eccentric angle for various values of viscosity variation parameters, Prandtl numbers and aspect ratios. Results show that an increase in the viscosity variation parameter tends to accelerate the fluid flow near the surface and increase the maximum velocity, thus decreasing the velocity boundary layer thickness. As the viscosity variation parameter is increased, the surface temperature tends to decrease, thus increasing the local Nusselt number. Moreover, the local Nusselt number of the elliptical cylinder increases as the Prandtl number of the fluid is increased.     

A four-electrode microconstant direct current resistance detector for ion chromatography applying ion-exchange membrane and porous electrode

A four-electrode microconstant direct current resistance detector for ion chromatography not sensitive to the effects of electrode polarization, capacitance, and electrolysis by-products is proposed. A constant current of microampere magnitude is applied across the current electrodes of the four-electrode device, and the voltage responses between the detection probes are directly picked up by a high input impedance instrumentation amplifier. The ion-exchange membranes, which separate the detection chamber from the electrolysis chambers, enable the measurement of solution resistance free of the interference of electrolysis by-products. Two resin beds in the detection chamber serve as ion conductors while reduce the dead volume of the detector. Recycled detection effluent supplies water for the electrolysis reactions at the current electrodes to sustain constant current in solution. The porous detection probes provide microchannel for the flowing solution while indicating signals. Owing to the constant current excitation, the electronics setup becomes simple. The cell configuration, operating principle, electronics, and error analysis of this detection mode are discussed along with their use for suppressed anion chromatography. Experimental data show that this four-electrode direct current detection mode is comparable to conventional two-electrode alternating current method.     

Preparation, structure, morphology, and dc and ac conductivity of the 88SiO2-6Li2O-6Nb2O5 (% mole) sol-gel derived glass-ceramics

The glass composition 88SiO₂-6Li₂O-6Nb₂O₅ (mole %) was successfully prepared by the sol-gel technique. The dried and translucent gel was heat-treated at temperatures between 500°C and 800°C. Lithium niobate crystallites, an important ferroelectric material, were detected in the gel derived glass-ceramics treated above 650°C. In the samples treated at 700 and 800°C the Li₂Si₂O₅ crystalline phase is present. The 800°C treated sample also presents the Li₃NbO₄ phase. The structure and morphology of the samples were studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM revealed that all the samples, heat-treated above 650°C, present crystallites embedded in the glass matrix. The particles detected in the 600°C treated sample are essentially amorphous, or with an incipient structure. The temperature dependence of the dc electrical conductivity (σ _dc ) shows two regions with different activation energies. The conductivity behaviour of the sample is mainly due to the mobile ion number. The ac conductivity (σ _ac ), measured at 1 kHz decreases with the rise of the treatment temperature due to the increase of the LiNbO₃ crystallites amount. The electrical behavior of the glass and glass-ceramics reflects the important role carried out by the treatment temperature in the gel-glass structure.     

The determination of copper at thin film electrodes by constant current stripping potentiometry

A comparison of the determination of copper by constant current stripping potentiometry (CCSP) at mercury and gold films has been carried out. The preferred solution conditions for the mercury film study were determined to be 0.1M ammonium acetate at pH 4.5 and 0.1M HCl for the gold film study. The influence of chloride on the stripping signal was investigated and it was found that for the mercury film conditions, well-formed stripping signals could be obtained up to a chloride concentration of 0.5 M which permitted the ready determination of copper in seawater. With the gold film, high chloride concentrations affected both the film stability and the glassy carbon surface and repeatable results were difficult to obtain. The optimized CCSP methods were applied to various aqueous samples including tap water, seawater, TCLP (acetic acid) extracts as well as TCLP extracts using groundwater and ocean water. Based on the results obtained for these various matrices, it was concluded that there are several advantages favoring the mercury film. The interference from organic components in the sample matrix on the general applicability of CCSP for the determination of copper at either a mercury or gold film is discussed.     

Niob- und Tantal-Komplexe des N-metallierten Hexamethylimidophosphorsäuretriamids und des Tris-tert-butyliminophosphorans

Niobium and Tantalum Complexes of N-Metalated Hexamethyl Imidophosphorus Acid Trisamide and Tris-tert-butyl Iminophosphorane Sterically most demanding phosphorane iminato ligands [N=PR₃]^– (R = ^tBu, NMe₂) with pronounced π-basic character are used for the stabilization of π-acidic d⁰ metal centers. In this respect the reaction of niobium and tantalum oxo chlorides MOCl₃ (M = Nb, Ta) with Me₃SiN=P(NMe₂)₃ leads to selective formation of (Me₃Si)₂O and [M{NP(NMe₂)₃}₂Cl₃] (M = Nb 1 , Ta 2 ). By reaction of the metal pentachlorides with the N-lithiated ligands the hitherto unknown tris-substituted derivatives [M(NPR₃)₃Cl₂] (M = Nb: R = ^tBu 3 , NMe₂ 4 ; M = Ta: R = ^tBu 5 , NMe₂ 6 ) are obtained. [Ta(NP^tBu₃)₃Cl₂] ( 5 ) was characterized by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The tantalum center is trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated by three equatorial phosphorane iminato and two axial chloro ligands. The high temperature ³¹P-NMR spectrum of [Nb{NP(NMe₂)₃}₃Cl₂] ( 4 ) allows the observation of a decett, characterized by ²J(Nb–P) = 279 Hz.     

等衍射长度超短脉冲贝塞耳-高斯光束的传输特性

使用复解析信号法,研究了衍射长度与频率无关的超短脉冲贝塞耳－高斯光束在自由空间中的传输,推导出了解析表达式并进行了理论和计算分析.结果表明：在无衍射长度内,等衍射长度超短脉冲贝塞耳.高斯光束的横向光强分布扩展很小.在无衍射长度之外,横向光强分布有显著扩展.但是,在无衍射长度内轴上脉冲波形仍有展宽.随传输距离增加轴上蓝移单调增加逐渐达到一渐近值.随横向距离增加轴外光谱移动由蓝移变为红移.     

The effects of substrate temperatures on the electrical properties of CaZrO3 thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering

The radio frequency magnetron sputtering technology (RFMS) was employed to deposit perovskite structure orthogonal phase CaZrO₃ thin films on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates. The effects of substrate temperatures on structure and electrical properties of these films were investigated in detail. The CaZrO₃ thin films were systematically characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Multi-frequency LCR meter (HP4294A) and Radiant Precision Workstation to study the phase structure, cross-section morphology, dielectric and ferroelectric properties at different substrate temperatures. The result indicates that these films can withstand 80 V DC Bias voltage and have excellent stability of frequency, voltage and temperature. The CaZrO₃ thin film prepared at 550 °C turned out to be mainly orthorhombic CaZrO₃ phase with high permittivity, low dielectric loss, extremely low leakage current (at 1 MHz, the dielectric constant is 39.42, the dielectric loss is 0.00455, the quality factor is 220 and the leakage current density is 9.11 × 10⁻⁷A/cm² at 80 V applied voltage.). This work demonstrates that higher substrate temperature can boost the formation of orthorhombic CaZrO₃ phase and the CaZrO₃ thin film prepared by RF magnetron sputtering is a very promising paraelectric material in the application of thin film capacitor.     

计算机模拟地质化验室分样及取样常数Ks的估算

提出了计算机模拟地质化验室取样过程,考察取样误差与取样量、样品粒度之间关系,并估算取样常数.实验所得的误差与取样量之间的关系与Ingamells的取样方程一致,取样常数及取样常数和样品粒度关系式也与Ingamells推导的相符.由于计算机模拟是一颗颗取样,不用预设分布模式,不存在分析方法误差和分样操作误差的叠加,误差完...     

Constant composition dissolution of mixed phases. II. Selective dissolution of calcium phosphates

Characterization of the dissolution kinetics of individual synthetic and biological calcium phosphates is of considerable importance since these phases often coexist in biological minerals. The constant composition method has been used to study the dissolution kinetics of a series of synthetic calcium phosphates, brushite (DCPD), beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), hydroxyapatite (HAP), and carbonated apatite (CAP) in the presence and absence of citric acid, as a function of pH and thermodynamic driving force. While citric acid markedly accelerates the dissolution of TCP, HAP dissolution is significantly inhibited. Moreover, this additive has almost no influence on the dissolution of DCPD, OCP, and CAP. Dual constant composition dissolution studies of mixed calcium phosphates in the presence of citric acid have also been made. Another factor, pH, also plays an important role in the dissolution of these calcium phosphates. In suspensions of calcium phosphate mixtures, specific phases can be selectively dissolved by changing experimental parameters such as pH and the presence of rate modifiers. This result has important applications for the dissolution control of dental hard tissues such as dentin, enamel, and calculus.     

香豆素类化合物与人血清白蛋白结合常数的QSPR研究

以21种香豆素类化合物的结构参数、拓扑指数为描述符,借助逐步回归方法建立了多个香豆素类分子结构同其与人血清白蛋白作用的结合常数之定量结构-结合常数关系(QSPR)回归模型,获得了比较满意的结果.模型的分析结果表明,结合作用与香豆素分子的能量、Z向偶极、疏水性有关,对香豆素类药物的设计与筛选具有一定的指导作用.