封闭和半封闭通风空间的环境流体问题

半封闭与全封闭空间的环境流体力学包括系统内的空气流动、温度和湿度分布以及污染物的凝积等问题, 其中涉及控制空间的空气质量、通风设计以及预防水汽凝结等多个方面的研究. 本文着重介绍国内外近年来相关的工作,研究如何从理论分析、实验研究以及数值模拟等方面入手, 解决通风问题,以达到获得高通风效率、低能耗和提高空气舒适度的目的.研究的对象包括房间, 建筑物, 城市等半封闭空间, 以及汽车、 地铁、飞机、潜艇、载人航天飞行器等不同程度的全封闭空间.现有的理论研究已经从解释单点源纯浮力对流的基础模型发展到能够描述具有体积流量和动量流量的扩散流的湍流喷泉模型.然而, 理论研究上的进步还不足以使它能够处理实际问题中多样的通风情况和复杂的空间结构,工程应用中还需更多依靠实验研究和数值模拟的结论. 对载人航天飞行器中的环境流体问题的研究虽然刚刚起步,但其研究手段和经验可以从相对成熟的半封闭与全封闭空间的相关研究中获得借鉴.      

Heat transfer in bubble layers at elevated pressures

Heat transfer with steam condensation under moderate pressure on the surface of a horizontal tube immersed in a bubbling layer was experimentally investigated. A copper test section 16 mm in outer diameter and 400 mm in length was placed in a bubbling column 455 mm in diameter. Experiments were made under pressures of 0.14–0.8 MPa, with void fraction 0.04–0.23, vapor superficial velocities 0.05–0.42 m/s, liquid-wall temperature differences 47–105 K, and heat flux densities 0.12–0.8 MW/m². The heat transfer process in the bubbling layer is shown to be of a high intensity: with moderate values of steam content, heat transfer coefficients reach 12–14 kW/(m² · K). Data obtained showed that the known correlations do not consider the influence of pressure on heat transfer. For the first time, data on radial steam content distribution under pressures higher than atmospheric were obtained by an electroprobe method. A table of experimental data is presented.     

Film thickness measurement with an ultrasonic transducer

A technique for measuring condensate film thickness using an ultrasonic transducer is described. In the experiment, the condensate film thickness with R-113 and FC-72 (a fluorinert compound developed by the 3M Company) condensing on the horizontal lower surface of a rectangular duct was measured at several locations. From the measured values a power law relation between the condensate film thickness and the axial distance from the leading edge of the condensing surface was derived by regression analysis. Assuming a linear temperature profile in the condensate film, local and average heat transfer coefficients were computed from the condensate film thickness. The average heat transfer coefficients were compared with the values obtained by measuring the heat transfer rate to the coolant. The two values were within ±12% of each other. As yet there is no satisfactory analytical model to predict the local heat transfer coefficient even in the annular condensation regime. One of the main difficulties in modeling the condensation is the lack of a suitable model to predict the interfacial shear stress. With the measurement of the film thickness it is possible to determine the interfacial shear stress. It is hoped that the shear stresses so determined will lead to the development of a satisfactory model for interfacial shear stress with condensation.     

乙醇与三氯六氨络合钴协同作用导致的DNA凝聚

利用原子力显微镜技术(AFM),系统地研究了由乙醇与多价离子(hexammine cobalt(Ⅲ)[Co(NH3)36+])协同作用导致的λ-DNA凝聚现象.单独测得3价Co(NH3)36+的临界凝聚浓度大约是10μmol·L-1,乙醇的临界凝聚体积分数大约是15%.若3价离子[Co(NH3)36+]的浓度大于400μmol·L-1时,可以观察到DNA的解凝聚现象.在DNA溶液中同时加入乙醇(体积分数12%)与Co(NH3)36+(8μmol.L-1),当其浓度各低于其临界值,也可观察到凝聚现象,说明乙醇与Co(NH3)36+对DNA的凝聚有协同作用,而且在协同作用下,可以观察到典型的圆环结构(toroids).利用电荷逆转与离子释放机制分析了观察到的解凝聚现象.     

Liquid phase hydrogen transfer to cyclopentanone over MgO-I2 and MgO-RI catalysts

Instead of cyclopentanol, 2-cyclopentylidene-cyclopentanone is the main product of liquid phase hydrogen transfer from secondary alcohols to cyclopentanone in the presence of pure MgO [1]. In the present work it has been shown that a significant increase in the selectivity towards cyclopentanol has been observed for MgO treated with I₂ or alkyl iodides.     

Ca(NO3)2·4H2O‐catalysed Biginelli Reaction: One‐pot Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones/pyrimidine‐2‐thiones under Solvent‐free Conditions

The synthesis of 1,2,3,4-dihydropyrimidinone/thione derivatives was achieved in good to excellent yields using calcium(II) nitrate as catalyst to promote the Biginelli three-component condensation reaction from a diversity of aromatic aldehydes, β-keto compounds and urea or thiourea. The reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions.     

无溶剂条件下活性炭固载硫酸催化酮和芳香醛的Cross-Aldol缩合反应

以活性炭固载硫酸(acsa)为催化剂,在无溶剂条件下催化酮和芳香醛的Cross-Aldol反应,成功合成了16个相应的α,β不饱和缩合产物,反应时间30～100min,产率可达65%～94%.该方法不仅反应时间短,产率高,催化剂可以重复利用,后处理简单,而且还对环境友好.产物经熔点,IR,1HNMR,13CNMR确证.     

简谐势阱中非理想气体玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚转变温度的数值研究

用数值计算的方法研究了简谐势阱中非理想气体的玻色 爱因斯坦凝聚情况.通过计算能级的分布，用图形的方式给出了考虑相互作用时，简谐势阱中体系转变温度相对无相互作用体系转变温度的变化趋势 对于存在排斥作用的体系，转变温度升高；对于存在吸引作用的体系，转变温度降低. 关键词： 玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚 相互作用 能级 转变温度     

Two-component nonlinear Schrödinger models with a double-well potential

We introduce a model motivated by studies of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) trapped in double-well potentials. We assume that a mixture of two hyperfine states of the same atomic species is loaded in such a trap. The analysis is focused on symmetry-breaking bifurcations in the system, starting at the linear limit and gradually increasing the nonlinearity. Depending on values of the chemical potentials of the two species, we find numerous states, as well as symmetry-breaking bifurcations, in addition to those known in the single-component setting. These branches, which include all relevant stationary solutions of the problem, are predicted analytically by means of a two-mode approximation, and confirmed numerically. For unstable branches, outcomes of the instability development are explored in direct simulations.