X射线荧光光谱及拉曼光谱法研究五谷营养成分

采用X射线荧光光谱分析法(XRF)和激光拉曼光谱法(Raman),测定了小米、玉米、黄米、大米和小麦5种常用主食(五谷)中营养成分及钾、镁、钙、铁、锌、锰、铝、铜等多种微量元紊的含量.X射线荧光光谱分析法测量结果表明,五谷中所含微量元素非常丰富且种类基本相同,但各元素含量存在很大差异.5种谷类中K元素含量均为最高,含量...     

新型铜胁迫植被指数NCSVI探索铜污染下玉米叶片光谱敏感区间

目前我国土壤重金属污染日趋严重,高光谱遥感因具有光谱分辨率高、图谱合一等特点成为农作物重金属污染研究的热点。农作物受重金属污染后其光谱会发生细微的改变,如何探寻叶片光谱中对重金属污染敏感的波段是目前的一种研究方向。提出了一种新型铜胁迫植被指数（NCSVI）来探索铜胁迫下玉米光谱敏感区间。通过设计不同梯度下的玉米铜胁迫实验,测定每个铜胁迫浓度下玉米叶片的光谱和Cu2+的含量。首先,将玉米叶片光谱分为11个子区间,以每个子区间的中间波长对应的光谱反射率构建各自的NCSVI。然后,计算NCSVI与玉米叶片中Cu2+含量的相关性系数R及均方根误差RMSE,结合水波段指数（WBI）、改进的叶绿素吸收率指数（MCARI）和归一化水指数（NDWI）这三种常规植被指数进行对比。最后,选用其他年份相同实验条件下获取的玉米叶片光谱进行验证,确认NCSVI的稳定性和有效性。结果表明,11个子区间中只有绿峰、红边、近谷和近峰A这四个子区间对应的NCSVI与玉米叶片Cu2+含量相关性系数的绝对值高于0.9,分别为-0.94,-0.97,-0.94和-0.96,均方根误差均低于15,分别为12.57,8.71,12.71和10.06,而WBI,MCARI和NDWI的相关性系数最高的仅达到0.75,均方根误差最小的为24.21,说明四个子区间对应的NCSVI对玉米叶片铜污染有着更好的指示性。利用不同年份相同条件下的玉米实验对以上结果进行验证,发现11个子区间中,R绝对值大于0.9、RMSE小于1.55的只有绿峰、红边、近谷和近峰A这四个子区间,其中R分别为-0.9,-0.97,-0.97和-0.93,RMSE分别为1.50,0.85,0.78和1.29,均优于WBI,MCARI和NDWI,与2016年实验得出的敏感子区间一致,说明NCSVI能探测铜胁迫下玉米光谱的敏感区间,具备效率高、稳定性好的特点。所提出的NCSVI指数可作为监测玉米叶片铜污染的一种方法,并为其他农作物重金属污染研究提供一定的理论支持。     

Improvement in enzymolysis efficiency and changes in conformational attributes of corn gluten meal by dual-frequency slit ultrasonication action

The influences of dual-frequency slit ultrasound (DFSU) pretreatment with various working parameters on the enzymolysis efficiency and conformational characteristics of corn gluten meal (CGM) were studied. Results indicated that under the conditions of ultrasonic power density of 80 W/L, time of 30 min, ultrasonic intermittent ratio of 5:2 s/s, temperature of 30 °C, and substrate concentration of 50 g/L, the relative enzymolysis efficiency (REE) of CGM reached a maximum of 21.05%, and the protein dissolution rate was 68.50%. In addition, ultrasonication had considerable impact on the conformation of CGM and consequently improved the susceptibility to alcalase proteolysis. Changes in free sulfhydryl (SH_F) and disulfide bonds (SS) groups indicated spatial conformation of CGM was altered following sonication (sonochemical) treatment. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FITR) analysis showed a reduction in α-helix and β-turn content; and an increase in β-sheet and random coil content of CGM. Alterations in the particle size, particle size distribution, microstructure and surface roughness (R_a, R_q) indicated generation of smaller and more uniform protein fragments of CGM by sonochemical pretreatment. The proposed mechanism of sonicated CGM was elaborated. Our findings suggest that using DFSU in pretreating CGM may be an efficacious approach to enhance proteolysis.     

Chemical characterization of ozonated lignin solutions from corn (Zea mays) stalk and poplar (Populus deltoides) wood by capillary gas chromatography

Corn (Zea mays) stalk and poplar (Populus deltoides) wood lignin was converted into monomeric aromatic compounds and short chain aliphatic carboxylic acids. The main reaction products were separated and identified using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an HP-5 column. The compounds were considered as positively identified when their mass spectra and GC retention times agreed with those of authentic standard samples. The quantitative estimation of the identified reaction products was accomplished on an OV-101 capillary column by gas chromatography-FID using the internal standard method. Among the aromatic compounds, aldehydes (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde), acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, and syringic), and one phenol (hydroquinone) were determined. In addition, the aliphatic carboxylic acids: glycolic, oxalic, malonic, glyoxylic, butanedioic, glyceric, and malic acid were identified. All the calibration curves of the quantified compounds approximated to a straight line. For both corn stalk and poplar wood lignins, the major components were the aromatic aldehydes (71 and 64% of the characterized fraction, respectively), followed by the aliphatic carboxylic acids (20 and 21% of the characterized fraction, respectively).